Abstract
Bioremediation of toxic metals is a feasible and low-cost remediation tool to reduce metal contamination. Plant-fungus interactions can improve this technique. Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms is a macrophyte reported to bioremediate contaminated water. Thus, the present study aimed to isolate endophytic fungi from E. crassipes, select a highly cadmium (Cd) tolerant isolate and evaluate its bioremediation potential. This was evaluated by (1) the fungus tolerance and capacity to accumulate Cd; (2) Cd effects on cell morphology (using SEM and TEM) and on the fungal antioxidant defense system, as well as (3) the effect on model plant Solanum lycopersicum L. cultivar Calabash Rouge, inoculated with the endophyte fungus and exposed to Cd. Our results selected the endophyte Mucor sp. CM3, which was able to tolerate up to 1000 g/L of Cd and to accumulate 900 mg of Cd/g of biomass. Significant changes in Mucor sp. CM3 morphology were observed when exposed to high Cd concentrations, retaining this metal both in its cytoplasm and in its cell wall, which may be linked to detoxification and metal sequestration mechanisms related to the formation of Cd-GSH complexes. In addition, Cd stress induced the activation of all tested antioxidant enzymes – superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione reductase (GR) – in this endophytic fungus. Moreover, when inoculated in tomato plants, this fungus promoted plant growth (in treatments without Cd) and induced an increased metal translocation to plant shoot, showing its potential to increase metal bioremediation. Therefore, this study indicates that the isolated endophyte Mucor sp. CM3 can be applied as a tool in different plant conditions, improving plant bioremediation and reducing the environmental damage caused by Cd, while also promoting plant growth in the absence of contaminants.
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Data availability
All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article and supplementary material. The sequence of ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of rDNA of endophytes from this study were submitted to GenBank under accession numbers [MG594504], [MG594505], [MG594506], [MG594507], [MG594508], [MG594509], [MG594510], [MG594511], [MG594512], [MG594513], [MG594514], [MG594515],[MG594516],[MG594517].(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MG594504,MG594505,MG594506,MG594507,MG594508,MG594509,MG594510,MG594511,MG594512,MG594513,MG594514,MG594515,MG594516,MG594517).
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The authors thank Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) and National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) for the master’s scholarship.
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Tiago Tognolli de Almeida performed the experiments and wrote the main body of the manuscript.. Bruno Augusto Prohmann Tschoeke, Tiago Tezzoto, Fernanando Angelo Piotto and Salete Aparecida Gaziola assisted with the experiments. Ravely Casarotti Orlandelli,, Manuéla Nóbrega Dourado and Ricardo Antunes Azevedo wrote the main text of the manuscript João Lucio de azevedo and Maria Carolina Quecine guided the research. All authors reviewed the manuscript.
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de Almeida, T.T., Tschoeke, B.A.P., Quecine, M.C. et al. Mechanisms of Mucor sp. CM3 isolated from the aquatic macrophyte Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms to increase cadmium bioremediation. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 93846–93861 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-29003-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-29003-9