Abstract
Standalone and combined leachate treatment mechanisms suffer from low treatment efficiencies due to leachate’s complex, toxic, and recalcitrant nature. Bioelectrochemical system (BES) was used for the first time to investigate the treatment of leachate mixed wastewater (WW) (i.e., diluted leachate, DL) (DL ≈ L:WW = 1:4) to minimize these complexities. A natural clay (palygorskite) was used as adsorbent material for further treatment on the BES effluent (EBES) while using two different masses and sizes (i.e., 3 g and 6 g of raw crushed clay (RCC) and 75 μ of sieved clay (75 μSC)). According to bioelectrochemical performance, BES, when operated with low external resistance (Rext = 1 Ω) (BES 1), showed a high removal of COD and NH3-N with 28% and 36%, respectively. On the other hand, a high Rext (100 Ω, BES 100) resulted in low removal of NH3-N with 10% but revealed high COD removal by 78.26%. Moreover, the 6 g doses of 75 μSC and RCC showed the maximum COD removals of 62% and 38% and showed the maximum removal of NH3-N with an average range of 40% for both sizes. After efficient desorption, both clay sizes resulted in regeneration performance which was observed with high COD (75%) and NH3-N (34%) on EBES. Therefore, when BES and clay adsorption technique sequentially treated and achieved with combined removal of ~ 98% for COD and ~ 80% of NH3-N, it demonstrated an efficient treatment method for DL treatment.
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Data availability
The reported data can be made available upon request to the corresponding author Dr. Abdullah Al-Mamun.
Abbreviations
- 75SC:
-
75-μ sieved clay
- AE:
-
Adsorption efficiency
- APHA:
-
American Public Health Association
- BDL:
-
Below detection limits
- BES:
-
Bioelectrochemical system
- BES 1:
-
Bioelectrochemical system operated with 1-Ω resistance
- BES 100:
-
Bioelectrochemical system operated with 100-Ω resistance
- BOD:
-
Biochemical oxygen demand
- C/N:
-
Carbon/nitrogen
- COD:
-
Chemical oxygen demand
- DE:
-
Desorption efficiency
- DL:
-
Diluted leachate
- EBES:
-
Effluent bioelectrochemical system
- EC:
-
Electrical conductivity
- WWTP:
-
Wastewater treatment plant
- IC:
-
Inorganic carbon
- MFC:
-
Microbial fuel cell
- MLL:
-
Multaqa landfill leachate
- NH3-N:
-
Ammonia-nitrogen
- pH:
-
Hydrogen ion concentration
- RCC:
-
Raw crushed clay of 200-μ particle size
- RE:
-
Regeneration efficiency
- Rext :
-
External resistance
- Rint :
-
Internal resistance
- TC:
-
Total carbon
- TDS:
-
Total dissolved solids
- TFS:
-
Total fixed solids
- TOC:
-
Total organic carbon
- TS:
-
Total solids
- TVS:
-
Total volatile solids
- WW:
-
Municipal wastewater
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Acknowledgements
The authors wish to extend their appreciation to Sultan Qaboos University (SQU), Muscat, Oman, for the financial support through Project Fund (CR/ENG/CAED/19/01). We extend our sincere gratitude to SQU for the technical, logistic, and scholarship support for the Ph.D. student. The authors would like to express their appreciation to Arch. Fakehatul Jannat Khan for preparing 3D visualization of the reactor.
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Dr. Sajjad Ahmad Siddiqi is recently serving as a consultant specialist in the global enviroquest LLC. He has developed the main concept and studied the current literature to prepare the manuscript during his studies. Sadik Rahman is a graduate student. He analyzed the data the presented data and research work to be accomplished. Dr. Abdullah Al-Mamun is the supervisor. He assisted in developing the concept, comments on the critical phase of data analysis was analyzed and made improvements in the manuscript. Dr. Jagdeep Kumar Nayak has also made critical improvements to the manuscript. Dr. Ahmad Sana is the co-supervisor and committee member; he has helped in revising the manuscript. Prof. Mahad Said Baawain has analyzed several critical points of the study and revised the manuscript.
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Siddiqi, S.A., Rahman, S., Al-Mamun, A. et al. A new treatment step of bioelectrochemically treated leachate using natural clay adsorption towards sustainable leachate treatment. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 111903–111915 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-28997-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-28997-6