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Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and nitric oxide alleviate cadmium phytotoxicity by improving internal detoxification mechanisms of corn plants

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Abstract

Plants develop several external and internal mechanisms to increase their tolerance to heavy metals (HMs) toxicity including cadmium (Cd). Symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi (AMF) is one of the plants’ strategies to tolerate HMs toxicity. Nitric oxide (NO), as a signaling molecule, is also involved in physiological responses of plants to various stresses. The present work was conducted as a factorial completely randomized design with three replications to study the effects of Funneliformis mosseae fungi and Sodium nitroprusside (SNP, 100 mM) as a donor of NO alone, in combination (AMF + SNP) on corn plant growth, and internal detoxification mechanisms of Cd toxicity in a Cd-contaminated calcareous soil (0, 25, 50, and 100 mg Cd kg−1). The results showed that under Cd stress, AMF inoculation and/or foliar application of SNP significantly increased plant growth (32% to 103% for shoot and 44% to 84% for root) by decreasing Cd concentration in corn plant tissues (23% to 46% for shoot and 19% to 40% for root). Cd-induced oxidative stress was mitigated by AMF and/or SNP by enhancing the activities of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), and concentration of non-enzymatic antioxidants such as glutathione (GSH) and phytochelatin (PC). Increasing the tolerance index (TI) and decreasing the transfer factor (TF) in the corn plants treated with AMF and/or SNP, confirm the efficient role of SNP and AMF in stimulating the detoxification mechanisms of Cd within the plant cells, which was more pronounced at the lowest Cd level (25 mg Cd kg−1). In conclusion, symbiotic associations of corn plants with AMF alone or in combination with SNP mitigated the detrimental effect of Cd toxicity in corn grown in Cd-contaminated calcareous soil. The corn’s internal detoxification mechanisms lowered the Cd concentration in plant tissue which resulted in the improvement of the corn’s growth parameters.

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Data availability

All data and materials as well as software application support our published claims and comply with field standards. Data will be available on request.

Abbreviations

HMs :

Heavy metals

Cd :

Cadmium

AMF :

Arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi

SNP :

Sodium nitroprusside

NO :

Nitric oxide

SOD :

Superoxide dismutase

CAT :

Catalase

GSH :

Glutathione

PC :

Phytochelatin

TI :

Tolerance index

TF :

Transfer factor

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Authors would like to appreciate Shiraz University for providing research facilities.

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  1. Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran

    Leila Zare, Abdolmajid Ronaghi, Reza Ghasemi-Fasaei, Mehdi Zarei & Mozhgan Sepehri

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Contributions

Leila zare: Conceptualization and design, Investigation; Methodology and Material preparation, Data collection and Formal analysis; Writing—original draft. Abdolmajid Ronaghi: Project administration; Supervision; Conceptualization and design; Writing—review & editing; Approved the final manuscript. Reza Ghasemi-Fasaei: Conceptualization and design; Writing—review & editing. Mehdi Zarei: Conceptualization and design; Writing—review & editing. Mozhgan Sepehri: Conceptualization and design; Writing—review & editing.

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Zare, L., Ronaghi, A., Ghasemi-Fasaei, R. et al. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and nitric oxide alleviate cadmium phytotoxicity by improving internal detoxification mechanisms of corn plants. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 93602–93616 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-28969-w

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