Abstract
During the irrigation period, the interactions between the linked lake-groundwater systems are complicated and change. This is because natural and human activities are happening at the same time, which makes it harder to identify the interactions. This study uses data on water level, hydrochemistry, and hydrogen-oxygen stable isotopes to analyze the hydrodynamics, electrical conductivity (EC), isotopic characteristics, and spatial distribution of lake water and groundwater to reveal lake-groundwater interactions. The results indicate that the hydrochemical type of Chagan Lake and groundwater is dominated by the HCO3-Na type. The key hydrochemical indicator EC obtained by principal component analysis (PCA) can be used to reveal the lake–groundwater interaction, and the interaction should be identified by location according to the significant correlation between hierarchical clustering results and regional distribution. The lake body’s geographic coefficient of variation for EC and δ18O is small, and irrigation return flow is one factor in the region’s surface water’s significant spatial variation for EC and δ18O. The three study methods indicate that the groundwater supplies the lake in the vicinity of the Huoling River-Hongzi Pool, while in other sections, the lake water leaks and replenishes the groundwater, exhibiting geographic inconsistency. The isotope method was employed as a support tool to determine that groundwater might recharge the lake at Xinmiao Pool. According to the calculations of the Mix SIAR model, the groundwater recharge contribution rate in the Xinmiao Pool section is approximately 51%, while in the remaining sections, the contribution rate of lake water to groundwater ranges from approximately 25% to 52%. Therefore, the identification of the interaction is crucial for the linked irrigated lake-groundwater system where water sources are scarce and threatened by agricultural pollution.
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Funding
This work was jointly funded by the Key Projects of Jilin Provincial Department of Science and Technology (20230303007SF), the Natural Science Foundation of Jilin Province (Grant No. 20220101173JC), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 42272299). We also gratefully acknowledge to the Project funding of the Songliao River Water Resources Commission “Evaluation of Groundwater Quality in Songliao Basin in 2022 and Analysis of Groundwater Levels in Plain Areas.” In addition, the Science and Technology Research Project of Jilin Provincial Education Department (Grant No. JJKH20221013KJ) was also funded.
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Murong Li: conceptualization, formal analysis, investigation, writing – original draft. Jianmin Bian: resources, writing – review and editing, supervision, project administration, funding acquisition. Yu Wang: conceptualization, methodological guidance, investigation. Xinying Cui: funding acquisition, technical guidance. Yuanfang Ding: funding acquisition, technical guidance. Xiaoqing Sun: investigation, data curation. Fan Wang: investigation, resources, visualization. Yuqi Lou: investigation, visualization.
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Highlights
• The key indicator, electrical conductivity (EC), selected by principal component analysis (PCA), can be used to reveal lake-groundwater interactions.
• The interaction of linked irrigated lake-groundwater system was identified by various methods.
• Hydrogen and oxygen isotopes can help identify the interaction near key sites.
• Applying the Mix SIAR model to determine the contribution rates of lake-groundwater interconversion.
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Li, ., Bian, J., Wang, Y. et al. Identifying interactions of linked irrigated lake-groundwater system by combining hydrodynamic and hydrochemical method. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 91956–91970 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-28884-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-28884-0