Abstract
Globally, around 1.3 billion tonnes of waste are generated annually, and solid waste management has thus become a major concern worldwide. There are projections of a 70% increase in waste generation from 2016 to 2050 owing to urbanization and the rapid growth of the global population. Estimates indicate that around 38,200 tonnes of waste are generated per day in Malaysia, and this volume of waste is significantly shortening the planned life spans of operating sanitary landfills in the country. Batu Pahat is a district in the state of Johor, Malaysia, with a relatively large population of 495,000 and with no record of an operational sanitary landfill. This study was conducted to identify and classify the most suitable sites for sanitary landfill developments in southern Peninsular Malaysia by means of the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), which is recognized as a competent technique for multicriteria decision-making. The resulting landfill site suitability index map established 33.88 km2 of area coverage as very highly suitable for landfill development, while 353.86 km2 of area coverage was classified as unsuitable. Sites 1–6 were identified as the most suitable for landfill activities. Sites 1–5 are situated in agricultural land areas, while site 6 is in a forested land area; this implies public participation and the adoption of compensatory measures in the event of landfill development in these areas, given their socioeconomic importance. The six suitable sites are all at least 2000 m from rivers: 2000–3000 m for sites 1, 3, and 5 and > 3000 m for sites 2, 4, and 6. The six sites are all > 3000 m from fault zones and > 1000 m from flood-prone areas, meaning that occurrences such as fault movements and flooding will have minimal impact on the operational activities of landfills at these sites. The selection of sites 1–6 as very suitable for landfill development was associated with an overall accuracy rating of 93.33% and kappa coefficient score of 0.92 based on accuracy assessment analysis of all sites. This study will guide the actions of policymakers, city planners, and local authorities toward sustainable and environment-friendly landfill development and operation in Batu Pahat and other districts in the state of Johor.
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The authors thank the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia and Agensi Remote Sensing Malaysia for their facilities and support for this project.
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Special appreciation to Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia for providing financial support through the Research Distribution Fund (TAP-K007066) and the Remote Sensing & GIS Laboratory.
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by Suziyanna Arshad, Tukimat Lihan, Zulfahmi Ali Rahman, and Wan Mohd Razi Idris. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Suziyanna Arshad, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. Zulfahmi Ali Rahman and Wan Mohd Radzi Idris revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Arshad, S., Lihan, T., Rahman, Z.A. et al. Site suitability analysis for sanitary landfills using geospatial methods in a part of southern Peninsular Malaysia. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 93760–93778 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-28764-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-28764-7