Abstract
Acrylamide is widely found in a variety of fried foods and cigarettes and is not only neurotoxic and carcinogenic, but also has many potential toxic effects. The current assessment of acrylamide intake through dietary questionnaires is confounded by a variety of factors, which poses limitations to safety assessment. In this review, we focus on the levels of AAMA, the urinary metabolite of acrylamide in humans, and its association with other diseases, and discuss the current research gaps in AAMA and the future needs. We reviewed a total of 25 studies from eight countries. In the general population, urinary AAMA levels were higher in smokers than in non-smokers, and higher in children than in adults; the highest levels of AAMA were found in the population from Spain, compared with the general population from other countries. In addition, AAMA is associated with several diseases, especially cardiovascular system diseases. Therefore, AAMA, as a biomarker of internal human exposure, can reflect acrylamide intake in the short term, which is of great significance for tracing acrylamide-containing foods and setting the allowable intake of acrylamide in foods.
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Data Availability
This is a systematic review article, and its data is extracted from the original articles.
Abbreviations
- AA:
-
Acrylamide
- TDI:
-
Tolerable daily intake
- CYP2E1:
-
Cytochrome P450 2E1
- GA:
-
Glycidamide
- GST:
-
Glutathione S-transferase
- AAMA:
-
N-acetyl-S-(2-carbamoylethyl)-L-cysteine
- GAMA:
-
N-acetyl-S-(2-carbamoyl-2-hydroxyethyl)-L-cysteine
- BMDL10:
-
Benchmark dose lower-bound confidence limit 10%
- HBM:
-
Human biomonitoring
- Nin:
-
Neurotoxicity index
- IARC:
-
International Agency for Research on Cancer
- UC:
-
Uroepithelial cancer
- AAMA-sul:
-
N-acetyl-S-(2-carbamoylethyl)-L-cysteine-sulfoxide
- iso-GAMA:
-
N-acetyl-S-(1-carbamoyl-2-hydroxyethyl)-L-cysteine
- LC-MS/MS:
-
Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
- NMR:
-
Nuclear magnetic resonance
- c-LOD:
-
Limit of detection
- HILIC-MS/MS:
-
Hydrophilic interaction chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
- ZIC-HILIC:
-
Zwitterionic-type hydrophilic interaction chromatography
- NASPC:
-
N-acetyl-S-(propionamide)-cysteine
- mEH:
-
Microsomal epoxide hydrolases
- GSTM1:
-
Glutathione-S-transferase mu-1
- GSTT1:
-
Glutathione S-transferase T1
- BMI:
-
Body Mass Index
- HbAA:
-
Hemoglobin adduct levels of AA
- NF-κb:
-
NF-kappaB
- NLRP3:
-
NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3
- TGF-β1:
-
Transforming growth factor beta1
- HRV:
-
Heart rate variability
- CVD:
-
Cardiovascular diseases
- CKD:
-
Chronic kidney disease
- SBP:
-
Systolic blood pressure
- DBP:
-
Diastolic blood pressure
- AAVal:
-
N-2-carbamoylethylvaline
- GAVal:
-
N-(R,S)-2-hydroxy-2-carbamoylethylvaline
- 8-iso-PGF2α:
-
8-Isoprostaglandin F2 alpha
- 8-OHdG:
-
8-Hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine
- MDA:
-
Malondialdehyde
- FVC:
-
Forced vital capacity
- CRP:
-
C-reactive protein
- FPG:
-
Fasting plasma glucose
- N7-GAG:
-
N7-(2-carbamoyl-2-hydroxyethyl) guanine
- VOC:
-
Volatile organic compound
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This study was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81803207) and the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province Outstanding Youth project (YQ2021H007).
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All the authors contributed to the study conception and design. Fang-Fang Zhao: writing — original draft, conceptualization, and project administration. Xiao-Li Wang: data reduction and project administration. Ya-Ting Lei and Hong-Qiu Li: literature search, formal analysis and investigation. Zhi-Ming Li: data entering and methodology. Xiao-Xiao Hao: investigation and methodology. Wei-Wei Ma: investigation and methodology. Yong-Hui Wu: investigation and methodology. Sheng-Yuan Wang: writing — review and editing. All the authors approved the final version.
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Highlights
• Twenty-five articles on AAMA from eight countries were discussed.
• AAMA levels were higher in smokers than in non-smokers and in children than in adults.
• AAMA is easy to obtain and simple to detect.
• Dietary intake of acrylamide can be derived from AAMA.
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Zhao, F., Wang, XL., Lei, YT. et al. A systematic review: on the mercaptoacid metabolites of acrylamide, N-acetyl-S-(2-carbamoylethyl)-L-cysteine. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 88350–88365 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-28714-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-28714-3