Abstract
In this study, definitive screening design (DSD) optimization and artificial neural network (ANN) modelling techniques are applied for the production of palm oil biodiesel (POBD). These techniques are implemented to examine the vital contributing factors in achieving maximum POBD yield. For this purpose, seventeen experiments are conducted randomly by varying the four contributing factors. The results of DSD optimization reveal that a biodiesel yield of 96.06% is achieved. Also, the experimental results are trained in ANN for predicting the biodiesel yield. The results proved that the prediction capability of ANN is superior, with a high correlation coefficient (R2) and low mean square error (MSE). Furthermore, the obtained POBD is characterized by significant fuel properties and fatty acid compositions and observed within the standards (ASTM-D675). Finally, the neat POBD is examined for exhaust emissions and engine cylinder vibration analysis. The emissions results confirm a significant drop in NOx (32.46%), HC (40.57%), CO (44.44%), and exhaust smoke (39.65%) compared to diesel fuel at 100% load. Likewise, the engine cylinder vibration measured on top of the cylinder head reveals a low spectral density with low amplitude vibrations observed for POBD at measured loads.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
References
Atabani AE, Silitonga AS, Ong HC, Mahlia TMI, Masjuki HH, Badruddin IA, Fayaz H (2013) Non-edible vegetable oils: a critical evaluation of oil extraction, fatty acid compositions, biodiesel production, characteristics, engine performance and emissions production. Renew Sust Energ Rev 18:211–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.10.013
Atadashi IM, Aroua MK, Aziz AA (2010) High quality biodiesel and its diesel engine application: a review. Renew Sust Energ Rev 14(7):1999–2008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2010.03.020
Bai A, Jobbágy P, Popp J, Farkas F, Grasselli G, Szendrei J, Balogh P (2016) Technical and environmental effects of biodiesel use in local public transport. Transp Res D Transp Environ 47:323–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2016.06.009
Basava VAR, Kolakoti A, Kancherla PR (2021) IDI engine with alternate fuels. In: Burstein L (ed) Handbook of Research on Advancements in Manufacturing, Materials, and Mechanical Engineering. IGI Global, Hershey, PA, USA, pp 25–53
Baudry G (2018) How the cap limit for food-crop-based biofuels may affect France’s stakeholders by 2030? A range-based multi-actor multi-criteria analysis. Transp Res D Transp Environ 63:291–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2018.05.012
Elgharbawy AA, Alam MZ, Kabbashi NA, Moniruzzaman M, Jamal P (2017) Implementation of definite screening design in optimization of in situ hydrolysis of EFB in cholinium acetate and locally produced cellulase combined system. Waste Biomass Valorization 8(3):839–850. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-016-9638-6
Fakudze S, Wei Y, Shang Q, Ma R, Li Y-H, Chen J, Zhou P, Han J, Liu C (2021) Single-pot upgrading of run-of-mine coal and rice straw via Taguchi-optimized hydrothermal treatment: fuel properties and synergistic effects. Energy 236:121482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.121482
Fangfang F, Alagumalai A, Mahian O (2021) Sustainable biodiesel production from waste cooking oil: ANN modeling and environmental factor assessment. Sustain Energy Technol Assess 46:101265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2021.101265
Felix C, Ubando A, Madrazo C, Sutanto S, Tran-Nguyen PL, Go AW, Ju Y-H, Culaba A, Chang J-S, Chen W-H (2019) Investigation of direct biodiesel production from wet microalgae using definitive screening design. Energy Procedia 158:1149–1154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2019.01.296
Gupta S, Patel P, Mondal P (2022) Biofuels production from pine needles via pyrolysis: process parameters modeling and optimization through combined RSM and ANN based approach. Fuel 310:122230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2021.122230
Hoekman SK, Robbins C (2012) Review of the effects of biodiesel on NOx emissions. Fuel Process Technol 96:237–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2011.12.036
Hundie KB, Akuma DA (2022) Optimization of biodiesel production parameters from Prosopis julifera seed using definitive screening design. Heliyon 8(2):e08965. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08965
Karthikeyan S, Prathima A (2017) Environmental effect of CI engine using microalgae methyl ester with doped nano additives. Transp Res D Transp Environ 50:385–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2016.11.028
Kolakoti A (2020) Optimization of biodiesel production from waste cooking sunflower oil by taguchi and ANN techniques. J Therm Eng 6(5):712–723. https://doi.org/10.18186/thermal.796761
Kolakoti A (2021) An experimental based artificial neural network modeling in prediction of optimum combustion, performance, and emission from diesel engine operated with three biodiesels. World J Eng 18(5):805–814. https://doi.org/10.1108/WJE-01-2021-0010
Kolakoti A, Koten H (2022) Effect of supercharging in neat biodiesel fuelled naturally aspirated diesel engine combustion, vibration and emission analysis. Energy 260:125054. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2022.125054
Kolakoti A, Rao BVA (2019) Effect of fatty acid composition on the performance and emission characteristics of an IDI supercharged engine using neat palm biodiesel and coconut biodiesel as an additive. Biofuels 10(5):591–605. https://doi.org/10.1080/17597269.2017.1332293
Kolakoti A, Prasadarao B, Satyanarayana K, Setiyo M, Köten H, Raghu M (2022a) Elemental, thermal and physicochemical investigation of novel biodiesel from wodyetia bifurcata and its properties optimization using artificial neural network (ANN). Automotive Experiences 5(1):3–15. https://doi.org/10.31603/ae.6171
Kolakoti A, Setiyo M, Rochman ML (2022b) A green heterogeneous catalyst production and characterization for biodiesel production using RSM and ANN approach. Int J Renew Energy Dev 11(3):703–712. https://doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2022.43627
Kolakoti A, Bobbili P, Katakam S, Geeri S, Soliman WG (2023) Applications of artificial intelligence in sustainable energy development and utilization. In: Malik SC, Sinwar D, Kumar A, Gadde SR, Chatterjee P, Hung BT (eds) Computational Intelligence in Sustainable Reliability Engineering, pp 129–143
Kumar N, Varun CSR (2013) Performance and emission characteristics of biodiesel from different origins: a review. Renew Sust Energ Rev 21:633–658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.01.006
Liyanaarachchi VC, Nishshanka GKSH, Sakarika M, Nimarshana PHV, Ariyadasa TU, Kornaros M (2021) Artificial neural network (ANN) approach to optimize cultivation conditions of microalga Chlorella vulgaris in view of biodiesel production. Biochem Eng J 173:108072. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2021.108072
Mahlia TMI, Ismail N, Hossain N, Silitonga AS, Shamsuddin AH (2019) Palm oil and its wastes as bioenergy sources: a comprehensive review. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26(15):14849–14866. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04563-x
Mishra VK, Goswami R (2018) A review of production, properties and advantages of biodiesel. Biofuels 9(2):273–289. https://doi.org/10.1080/17597269.2017.1336350
Mohd Noor CW, Noor MM, Mamat R (2018) Biodiesel as alternative fuel for marine diesel engine applications: a review. Renew Sust Energ Rev 94:127–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.05.031
Nawaz A, Kumar P (2022) Optimization of process parameters of Lagerstroemia speciosa seed hull pyrolysis using a combined approach of response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) for renewable fuel production. Bioresour Technol Rep 18:101110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biteb.2022.101110
Panoutsou C, Germer S, Karka P, Papadokostantakis S, Kroyan Y, Wojcieszyk M, Maniatis K, Marchand P, Landalv I (2021) Advanced biofuels to decarbonise European transport by 2030: markets, challenges, and policies that impact their successful market uptake. Energy Strategy Rev 34:100633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2021.100633
Piloto-Rodríguez R, Sánchez-Borroto Y, Melo-Espinosa EA, Verhelst S (2017) Assessment of diesel engine performance when fueled with biodiesel from algae and microalgae: an overview. Renew Sust Energ Rev 69:833–842. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.015
Prasada Rao K, Appa Rao BV (2017) Parametric optimization for performance and emissions of an IDI engine with Mahua biodiesel. Egypt J Pet 26(3):733–743. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2016.10.003
Rahul Soosai M, Moorthy IMG, Varalakshmi P, Yonas CJ (2022) Integrated global optimization and process modelling for biodiesel production from non-edible silk-cotton seed oil by microwave-assisted transesterification with heterogeneous calcium oxide catalyst. J Clean Prod 367:132946. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.132946
Rajendra M, Jena PC, Raheman H (2009) Prediction of optimized pretreatment process parameters for biodiesel production using ANN and GA. Fuel 88(5):868–875. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2008.12.008
Rajesh Y, Kolakoti A, Chandra Sheakar BG, Bhargavi J (2019) Optimization of biodiesel production from waste frying palm oil using definitive screening design. Int J Eng Sci Technol 11(2):48–57. https://doi.org/10.4314/ijest.v11i2.4
Rulli MC, Casirati S, Dell’Angelo J, Davis KF, Passera C, D’Odorico P (2019) Interdependencies and telecoupling of oil palm expansion at the expense of Indonesian rainforest. Renew Sust Energ Rev 105:499–512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.12.050
Sambasivam KM, Murugavelh S (2019) Optimisation, experimental validation and thermodynamic study of the sequential oil extraction and biodiesel production processes from seeds of Sterculia foetida. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26(30):31301–31314. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06214-7
Simsek S, Uslu S, Simsek H (2022) Proportional impact prediction model of animal waste fat-derived biodiesel by ANN and RSM technique for diesel engine. Energy 239:122389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.122389
Tadros M, Ventura M, Guedes Soares C (2019) Optimization procedure to minimize fuel consumption of a four-stroke marine turbocharged diesel engine. Energy 168:897–908. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.11.146
Tadros M, Ventura M, Guedes Soares C (2021) A review of the use of biodiesel as a green fuel for diesel engines. In: Guedes Soares C, Santos T (eds) Developments in Maritime Technology and Engineering. Taylor & Francis Group, London, pp 481–490
Tadros M, Ventura M, Guedes Soares C (2022) Assessment of marine Genset performance with biodiesel fuel using the double-Wiebe function. In: Guedes Soares C, Santos TA (eds) Trends in Maritime Technology and Engineering. Taylor & Francis Group, London, pp 545–551
Tong D, Hu C, Jiang K, Li Y (2011) Cetane number prediction of biodiesel from the composition of the fatty acid methyl esters. J Am Oil Chem Soc 88(3):415–423. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-010-1672-0
Tuan Hoang A, Nižetić S, Chyuan Ong H, Tarelko W, Viet Pham V, Hieu Le T, Quang Chau M, Phuong Nguyen X (2021) A review on application of artificial neural network (ANN) for performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine fueled with biodiesel-based fuels. Sustain Energy Technol Assess 47:101416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2021.101416
Velmurugan K, Sathiyagnanam AP (2017) Effect of biodiesel fuel properties and formation of NOx emissions: a review. Int J Ambient Energy 38(6):644–651. https://doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2016.1155486
Vera-Rozo JR, Sáez-Bastante J, Carmona-Cabello M, Riesco-Ávila JM, Avellaneda F, Pinzi S, Dorado MP (2022) Cetane index prediction based on biodiesel distillation curve. Fuel 321:124063. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.124063
Yesilyurt MK, Cesur C (2022) A statistical optimization attempt by applying the Taguchi technique for the optimum transesterification process parameters in the production of biodiesel from Papaver somniferum L. seed oil. Fuel 329:125406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.125406
Živković S, Veljković M (2018) Environmental impacts the of production and use of biodiesel. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25(1):191–199. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0649-z
Kolakoti A (2022) Effect of Di-oxyethylene-ether additive on the combustion, performance and emission characteristics in a diesel engine fuelled with neat palm kernel methyl ester. Int J Ambient Energy. https://doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2022.2103730
Kolakoti A, Satish G (2020) Biodiesel production from low-grade oil using heterogeneous catalyst: an optimisation and ANN modelling. Aust J Mech Eng. https://doi.org/10.1080/14484846.2020.1842298
Talamala V, Kancherla PR, Basava VAR, kolakoti A (2017) Experimental investigation on combustion, emissions, performance and cylinder vibration analysis of an IDI engine with RBME along with isopropanol as an additive. Biofuels 8(3):307-321. https://doi.org/10.1080/17597269.2016.1226723
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors contributed to the study’s conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by Aditya Kolakoti, Venkata Naga Sai Gudlavalleti, and Vijay Kumar Ambati. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Aditya Kolakoti and Mina Tadros, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval
Not applicable.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Ta Yeong Wu
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Kolakoti, ., Tadros, M., Ambati, V.K. et al. Optimization of biodiesel production, engine exhaust emissions, and vibration diagnosis using a combined approach of definitive screening design (DSD) and artificial neural network (ANN). Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 87260–87273 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-28619-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-28619-1