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Investigating the impact of transportation system and economic growth on carbon emissions: Application of GMM System for 33 european countries

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Abstract

In Europe, there has been a significant shift in the movement of people and things. Nonetheless, despite the fact that transportation is an important component of the supply chain, its environmental consequences pose a severe threat to the ecosystem as a whole. As a result, we intend to explore the relationship between transportation, economy, and CO2 emissions. We used the Static method with Pooled OLS, then tested the Granger causality to validate the use of dynamic approach via the GMM system. The major findings revealed that GDP and trade openness had a considerable impact on CO2 emissions. Although the three modes of transportation have different effects on CO2 emissions, road density has a positive and considerable impact on CO2 emissions. The railway network is inversely connected to CO2 emissions. While the quantity of flight passengers has no substantial effect on emissions. In terms of the impulse response function, there is an initial shock in period 2 for the response of air passengers carried to CO2 emissions, followed by convergence back to zero in period 6, whereas road density has a slight decrease in period 2 with a post shock peak in period 4, followed by convergence back to zero in period 5. The variance decomposition results reveal a little increase until the fifth period for road density, air passengers, and trade openness with coefficients equal to 0.0893, 0.636, and 1.573, respectively, after which these three variables offer decreasing coefficients.

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Availability of data and materials

The data that support the findings of this study are available on request.

Abbreviations

CO2 :

Carbon dioxide

GHG:

Greenhouse gases

GLS :

Generalized Least Squares

GMM:

Generalized Method of Moments

LNAIR:

Natural Logarithm of Air passengers carried

LNCO2:

Natural Logarithm of CO2 emissions per capita

LNGDP:

Natural Logarithm of Gross Domestic Product

LNPOP:

Natural Logarithm of Population density

LNRAIL :

Natural Logarithm of Railway network length

LNRE:

Natural Logarithm of Renewable Energy

LNROAD:

Natural Logarithm of Road Density

LNTO:

Natural Logarithm of Trade Openness

LNURBAN:

Natural Logarithm of Urbanization Rate

OLS:

Ordinary Least Squares

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Economic sciences and management, University of Sousse, BP 4023, Erriadh City, Tunisia

    Imen Ghannouchi & Foued Aloulou

  2. Higher Institute of Transport and Logistics,LAMIDED Laboratory, University of Sousse, BP 4023, Erriadh City, Tunisia

    Fedy Ouni

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  1. Imen Ghannouchi
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Imen Ghannouchi, Fedy Ouni, and Foued Aloulou. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Imen Ghannouchi and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Ghannouchi, I., Ouni, F. & Aloulou, F. Investigating the impact of transportation system and economic growth on carbon emissions: Application of GMM System for 33 european countries. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 90656–90674 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-28595-6

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