Abstract
Globally, stroke is one of the primary causes of morbidity and mortality. In the USA, stroke is a major cause of death and disability. Limited studies assessed the impact of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, arsenic, and other metal exposure and their association with the risk of stroke. This study aimed to assess different arsenic species, including total arsenic; two types of organic arsenic, i.e., arsenobetaine and arsenocholine; four types of inorganic arsenic, i.e., arsenic acid, arsenous acid, dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), and monomethylarsonic acid (MMA); six types of urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds, i.e., 1-hydroxynaphthalene, 1-hydroxyphenanthrene, 1-hydroxypyrene, 2-hydroxynaphthalene, 2-hydroxyfluorene, and 3-hydroxyfluorene; and fourteen types of metals from urine specimen, i.e., manganese, cadmium, lead, mercury, barium, cobalt, strontium, molybdenum, cesium, thallium, antimony, tin, tungsten, and uranium and their association with those who reported having been told they had had a stroke by a medical professional. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data used in this study include three data cycles from 2011–2016. In this study, data from a total of 5537 males and females who are aged 20 years and older were analyzed using logistic modeling of the complex weighted survey design. R version 3.6.3 software was used to conduct the analyses. Four species of urinary PAHs, including the third quantiles of 1-hydroxynaphthalene [odds ratio (OR): 2.327, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.961–5.632], 2-hydroxynaphthalene [OR: 2.449, 95% CI: 1.067–5.622], and 3-hydroxyfluorene [OR: 2.289, 95% CI: 1.077–4.861] and the second quantiles of 3-hydroxyfluorene [OR: 2.201, 95% CI: 1.115, 4.346] and 1-hydroxypyrene [OR: 2.066, 95% CI: 1.037, 4.114], showed a positive correlation with increased odds of stroke. Among metals, the third (3rd) [OR: 3.566, 95% CI: 1.370, 9.280] and fourth (4th) [OR: 2.844, 95% CI: 0.947, 8.543] quantiles of urinary manganese showed a positive correlation with increased odds of stroke.
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Data availability
The datasets supporting the conclusions of this article are available in the NHANES repository, at https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/index.htm.
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The authors would like to thank Dr. M Habibur Rahman for his support in this study.
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Humairat H. Rahman conceptualized the study and contributed to the introduction and discussion. Stuart Munson-McGee conducted the data analysis and contributed to the drafting of the paper. Sifat Parveen Sheikh contributed to the drafting of the paper. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Rahman, H.H., Sheikh, S.P. & Munson-McGee, S.H. Arsenic, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and metal exposure and risk assessment of stroke. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 86973–86986 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-28593-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-28593-8