Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Evaluation of human health and ecological risk of heavy metals in water, sediment and shellfishes in typical artisanal oil mining areas of Nigeria

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Environmental Science and Pollution Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Heavy metal contamination in water and sediment is a serious concern in nations that depend heavily on natural resources such as Nigeria. In most coastal communities around oil mining areas in Nigeria, drinking water quality, staple food, and livelihoods are primarily dependent on ecological systems and marine resources (e.g., fish). Thus, humans and other receptors are exposed to heavy metal risks through ingestion and dermal contact. This research evaluated the potential ecological risks of heavy metals including Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Nickel (Ni), and Lead (Pb) in water, sediments, and shellfishes (Callinectes amnicola, Uca tangeri, Tympanotonus fuscatus, Peneaus monodon) along the Opuroama Creek in Niger Delta, Nigeria. The concentrations of heavy metals were measured in three stations using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer and their relative ecological (geo-accumulation index and contamination factor) and human health risk (hazard index and hazard quotient) analysed. The toxicity response indices of the heavy metals indicate that the sediments pose significant ecological risk particularly with Cd. None of the three exposure pathways to heavy metals in the shellfish muscles and age groups pose a non-carcinogenic risk. Total Cancer Risk values for Cd and Cr exceeded the acceptable range (10−6 to 10−4) established by USEPA in children and adults, raising concerns of potential cancer risks following exposure to these metals in the area. This established a significant possibility of heavy metal risks to public health and marine organisms. The study recommends conducting in-depth health analysis and reducing oil spills while providing sustainable livelihoods to the local population.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

Datasets used for this current study are contained in this publication.

References

  • Abarshi MM, Dantala EO, Mada SB (2017) Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in some tissues of croaker fish from oil spilled rivers of Niger Delta region, Nigeria. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 7(6):563–568

    Google Scholar 

  • AbdolahpurMonikh F, Safahieh A, Savari A, Doraghi A (2013) Heavy metal concentration in sediment, benthic, benthopelagic, and pelagic fish species from Musa Estuary (Persian Gulf). Environ Monit Assess 185(1):215–222

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Abu OM, Nwokoma GC (2016) Bioaccumulation of selected heavy metals in water, sediment and blue crab (Callinectes amnicola) from Bodo Creek, Niger Delta, Nigeria. J Fish Sci 10(3):77–83

    Google Scholar 

  • Acharya P, Muduli PR, Das M (2023) Assessment of heavy metal accumulation in Penaeus monodon and its human health implications. Mar Pollut Bull 188:114632

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Agbai WP, Efenudu UI (2022) Land use types and their influence on heavy met-als concentration in soils of Yenagoa and Southern Ijaw local government area of Bayelsa State. Bulg J Soil Sci Agrochem Ecol 56(3):3–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Aghoghovwia OA, Izah SC, Miri FA (2018) Environmental risk assessment of heavy metals in sediment of Nun River around Gbarantoru and Tombia Towns, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Biol Evid 8(3):21–31. https://doi.org/10.5376/be.2018.08.0003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed M, Ahmad T, Liaquat M, Abbasi KS, Farid IBA, Jahangir M (2016) Tissue-specific metal characterization of selected fish species in Pakistan. Environ Monit Assess 188(4):212

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed SF, Kumar PS, Rozbu MR, Chowdhury AT, Nuzhat S, Rafa N, Mahlia TMI, Ong HC, Mofijur M (2022) Heavy metal toxicity, sources, and remediation techniques for contaminated water and soil. Environ Technol Innov 25:102114

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aigberua AO, Ogbuta AA, Izah SC (2020) Selected heavy metals in sediment of Taylor creek due to anthropogenic activities in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria: geochemical spreading and evaluation of environmental risk. Biodivers Int J 4(2):67–80

    Google Scholar 

  • Akhtar N, Syakir IMI, Bhawani SA, Umar K (2021) Various natural and anthropogenic factors responsible for water quality degradation: a review. Water 13(19):2660

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ali H, Khan E (2019) Bioaccumulation of Cr, Ni, Cd and Pb in the economically important freshwater fish Schizothorax plagiostomus from three rivers of Malakand Division, Pakistan: risk assessment for human health. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 102(1):77–83

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ali MM, Ali ML, Islam MS, Rahman MZ (2016) Preliminary assessment of heavy metals in water and sediment of Karnaphuli River, Bangladesh. Environ Nanotechnol Monit Manag 5:27–35

    Google Scholar 

  • Allison C, Oriabure G, Ndimele PE, Shittu JA (2018) Dealing with oil spill scenarios in the Niger Delta: lessons from the past. In: The political ecology of oil and gas activities in the Nigerian aquatic ecosystem. Academic Press, pp 351–368. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-809399-3.00023-9

  • Anandabaskar N (2019) Environmental Toxicology. Introduction to basics of pharmacology and toxicology. Springer, Singapore, pp 351–359

    Google Scholar 

  • Anyanwu BO, Davies IC (2023) Human health hazard implications of heavy metals concentration in swimming crab (Callinectes amnicola) from polluted creeks in Rivers State, Nigeria. Case Stud Chem Environ Eng 7:100325

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • APHA (1999) Standard methods for the analysis of water and wastewater, 20th edn. American Public Health Association, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Arisekar U, Shakila RJ, Shalini R, Jeyasekaran G (2020) Human health risk assessment of heavy metals in aquatic sediments and freshwater fish caught from Thamirabarani River, the Western Ghats of South Tamil Nadu. Mar Pollut Bull 159:111496

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arisekar U, Shakila RJ, Shalini R, Jeyasekaran G, Padmavathy P, Hari MS, Sudhan C (2022) Accumulation potential of heavy metals at different growth stages of Pacific white leg shrimp, Penaeus vannamei farmed along the Southeast coast of Peninsular India: a report on ecotoxicology and human health risk assessment. Environ Res 212:113105

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Babatunde B, Sikoki F, Hart I (2015) Human health impact of natural and artificial radioactivity levels in the sediments and fish of Bonny Estuary, Niger Delta, Nigeria. Chall 6:244–257

    Google Scholar 

  • Babatunde BB, Sikoki FD, Avwiri GO, Chad-Umoreh YE (2019) Review of the status of radioactivity profile in the oil and gas producing areas of the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. J Environ Radioact 202:66–73

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baki MA, Hossain MM, Akter J, Quraishi SB, Haque Shojib MF, Atique Ullah AKM, Khan MF (2018) Concentration of heavy metals in seafood (fishes, shrimp, lobster and crabs) and human health assessment in Saint Martin Island, Bangladesh. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 159:153–163

    Google Scholar 

  • Balali-Mood M, Naseri K, Tahergorabi Z, Khazdair MR, Sadeghi M (2021) Toxic mechanisms of five heavy metals: mercury, lead, chromium, cadmium, and arsenic. Front Pharmacol 12:643972

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Batvari BPD, Sivakumar S, Shanthi K, Lee KJ, Oh BT, Krishnamoorthy RR, Kamala-Kannan S (2016) Heavy metals accumulation in crab and shrimps from Pulicat lake, north Chennai coastal region, southeast coast of India. Toxicol Ind Health 32(1):1–6

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Biswas C, Soma SS, Rohani MF, Rahman MH, Bashar A, Hossain MS (2021) Assessment of heavy metals in farmed shrimp, Penaeus monodon sampled from Khulna, Bangladesh: An inimical to food safety aspects. Heliyon 7(3):e06587

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter KE, Niem VH (2001) FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. In: The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Volume 6. Bony fishes part 4 (Labridae to Latimeriidae), estuarine crocodiles, sea turtles, sea snakes and marine mammals. FAO Library, Rome, pp 3381–4218

  • CDCP Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2022) Working Together for One Health. Available from https://www.cdc.gov/onehealth/in-action/working-together-for-one-health.html. Accessed 21 Dec 2022

  • Davies IC, Ekperusi AO (2021) Evaluation of heavy metal concentrations in water, sediment and fishes of New Calabar River in Southern Nigeria. J Limnol Fish Res 7(3):207–218

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies IC, Nkeeh DK, Akoko S, Ariri IP (2021) Spatial variation of heavy metals in blue crab Calinectes amnicola harvested from the water front of some fishing communities in River State, Nigeria. Int J Appl Sci Eng 7(11):33–49

    Google Scholar 

  • Dehghani M, Sharifian S, Taherizadeh MR, Nabavi M (2021) Tracing the heavy metals zinc, lead and nickel in banana shrimp (Penaeus merguiensis) from the Persian Gulf and human health risk assessment. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28:38817–38828

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DPR- Department of Petroleum Resources (2002) Environmental Guidelines and Standards for the Petroleum Industry in Nigeria (Revised Edition). Department of Petroleum Resources of Nigeria, Ministry of Petroleum and National Resources Abuja, Nigeria, p 171

  • Edori OS, Iyama WA (2020) Status of heavy metals contamination in water from Edagberi Creek, Engenni, Rivers State, South-South, Nigeria. Biomed J Sci Tech Res 29(3). https://doi.org/10.26717/BJSTR.2020.29.004810

  • Ekelemu OJ, Obakanurhie DF, Nwachi PA (2019) Toxic metals gradient in sediment, fish and water of the Isiokpo River, Rivers State, Nigeria. J Wetland Waste Manag 2(4):22–27

    Google Scholar 

  • Emeka DA, Emeka DN (2020) Heavy metal content and health risk assessment of a South-eastern Nigeria River. Appl Water Sci 10:210

    Google Scholar 

  • Essien JP, Inam ED, Ikpe DI, Udofia GE, Benson NU (2019) Ecotoxicological status and risk assessment of heavy metals in municipal solid wastes dumpsite impacted soil in Nigeria. Environ Nanotechnol Monit Manag 11:100215

    Google Scholar 

  • Fentiman A, Zabbey N (2015) Environmental degradation and cultural erosion in Ogoniland: a case study of the oil spills in Bodo. Extr Ind Soc 2(4):615–624

    Google Scholar 

  • FSANZ (2008) Contaminants and natural toxicants, Food Standards Australia and New Zealand, Australian Government Health Portfolio. https://www.foodstandards.gov.au/code/Documents/1.4.1%20Contaminants%20v157.pdf. Accessed 24 Oct 2022

  • Hakanson L (1980) An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control. A sedimentological approach. Water Res 14(8):975–1001

    Google Scholar 

  • Ihunwo OC, Dibofori-Orji AN, Olowu C, Ibezim-Ezeani MU (2020) Distribution and risk assessment of some heavy metals in surface water, sediment and grey mullet (Mugil cephalus) from contaminated creek in Woji, southern Nigeria. Mar Pollut Bull 154:111042

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Islam MS, Han S, Ahmed MK, Masunaga S (2014) Assessment of trace metal contamination in water and sediment of some rivers in Bangladesh. J Water Environ Technol 12(2):109–121

    Google Scholar 

  • Iyama WA, Edori OS, Ede PN (2018) Heavy metals and nutrient status of surface water quality around Sagbama Creek, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. J Appl Chem Sci Int 9(3–4):161–167

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar V, Parihar RD, Sharma A, Bakshi P, Sidhu GPS, Bali AS, Karaouzas I, Bhardwaj R, Thukral AK, Gyasi-Agyei Y, Rodrigo-Comino J (2019) Global evaluation of heavy metal content in surface water bodies: a meta-analysis using heavy metal pollution indices and multivariate statistical analyses. Chemosphere 236:124364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124364

  • Lacatusu R (2000) Appraising levels of soil contamination and pollution with heavy metals. Eur Soil Bureau 4:93–102

    Google Scholar 

  • Luo XS, Yu S, Li XD (2012) The mobility, bioavailability, and human bioaccessibility of trace metals in urban soils of Hong Kong. Appl Geochem 27:995–1004

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Madhav S, Ahamad A, Singh AK, Kushawaha J, Chauhan JS, Sharma S, Singh P (2020) Water pollutants: sources and impact on the environment and human health. Sensors in Water Pollutants Monitoring: Role of Material. Springer, Singapore, pp 43–62

    Google Scholar 

  • Marcus AC, Edori OS (2016) Assessment of contamination status of Bomu and Oginigba Rivers, Rivers State, Nigeria, using some trace metals and Callinectes gladiator as indices. Chem Sci Int J 17(4):1–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Muli JR (2005) Spatial variation of benthic macroinvertebrates and the environmental factors influencing their distribution in Lake Victoria, Kenya. Aquat Ecosyst Health Manag 8(2):147–157. https://doi.org/10.1080/14634980590953680

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Naanen B (2019) When extractive governance fails: oil theft as resistance in Nigeria. Extr Ind Soc 6(3):702–710

    Google Scholar 

  • NESREA (2011) National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency. https://standards.lawnigeria.com/2020/08/18/national-environmental-surface-and-groundwater-quality-control-regulations-2010/. Accessed 24 Oct 2022

  • Nwankwoala HO, Omemu SO (2019) Quality implications of physico-chemical properties and heavy metals concentration levels in groundwater sources in Elebele Community, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. J Environ Health Sci 5(1):52–58

    Google Scholar 

  • Nwipie GN, Hart AI, Zabbey N, Sam K, Prpich G, Kika PE (2019) Recovery of infauna macrobenthic invertebrates in oil-polluted tropical soft-bottom tidal flats: 7 years post spill. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26:22407–22420

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nwozor A (2019) The political economy of hydrocarbon pollution. In The political economy of hydrocarbon pollution: Nwozor, Agaptus. Int J Energy Econ Policy. https://hdl.handle.net/11159/2698. Accessed 10 May 2022

  • Obasi KO, Chinedu K, Udebuani AC, Okereke JN, Ezeji EU, Anyadoh SO (2015) Study on concentrations of selected heavy metals: cadmium, lead, arsenic and mercury in the soft tissue of Periwinkle (Tympanotonos fuscatus Var Radula) from Brass Island River, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Int J Sci Technol 4(10):1–7

    Google Scholar 

  • Ofori SA, Cobbina SJ, Imoro AZ, Doke DA, Gaiser T (2021) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) pollution and its associated human health risks in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria: a systematic review. Environ Process 8:455–482

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ogamba EN, Charles EE, Izah SC (2021) Distributions, pollution evaluation and health risk of selected heavy metal in surface water of Taylor creek, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Toxicol Environ Health Sci 13(2):109–121

    Google Scholar 

  • Okereke CJ, Essien EB, Wegwu MO (2016) Human health risk assessment of heavy metal contamination for population via consumption of selected vegetables and tubers grown in farmlands in Rivers State, South-South Nigeria. J Anal Pharm Res 3(6):00077

    Google Scholar 

  • Onyena AP, Sam K (2020) A review of the threat of oil exploitation to mangrove ecosystem: insights from Niger Delta, Nigeria. Glob Ecol Conserv 22:e00961

    Google Scholar 

  • Osuagwu ES, Olaifa E (2018) Effects of oil spills on fish production in the Niger Delta. PLoS One 13(10):e0205114

    Google Scholar 

  • Oyoo-Okoth CO, Adams MH, Joan OK, Nnaji SV, Owen JP (2016) Assessment of heavy metal contamination in some biota, waters and sediments from the upper Bonny River, Niger Delta, Nigeria. J Wetland Waste Manag 4(1):46–51

    Google Scholar 

  • Patrick-Iwuanyanwu KC, Obasi MO, Ogbo AB, Egbuna C (2020) Human health risk assessment of heavy metals via consumption of selected seafoods from three different open markets in Bayelsa state. Ann Biol Sci 8(1):1À9

    Google Scholar 

  • Priya M, Gurung N, Mukherjee K, Bose S (2014) Microalgae in removal of heavy metal and organic pollutants from soil. In: Microbial biodegradation and bioremediation. Elsevier, pp 519–537. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800021-2.00023-6

  • Sagbara G, Zabbey N, Sam K, Nwipie GN (2020) Heavy metal concentration in soil and maize (Zea mays L.) in partially reclaimed refuse dumpsite ‘borrow-pit’ in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Environ Technol Innov 18:100745

    Google Scholar 

  • Sam K, Zabbey N (2018) Contaminated land and wetland remediation in Nigeria: opportunities for sustainable livelihood creation. Sci Total Environ 639:1560–1573

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sam K, Coulon F, Prpich G (2017) A multi-attribute methodology for the prioritisation of oil contaminated sites in the Niger Delta. Sci Total Environ 579:1323–1332

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sam K, Zabbey N, Onyena AP (2022) Implementing contaminated land remediation in Nigeria: Insights from the Ogoni remediation project. Land Use Policy 115:106051

    Google Scholar 

  • Sam, K, Prpich G, Coulon F (2015) Environmental and Societal Management of contaminated land in Nigeria: the need for policy and guidance changes. In 4th International Contaminated Site Remediation Conference: Program and Proceedings. Melbourne, Australia. 427–428

  • Sankhla MS, Kumari M, Nandan M, Kumar R, Agrawal P (2016) Heavy metals contamination in water and their hazardous effect on the human health-a review. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci 5(10):759–766

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sankhla MS, Kumar R, Biswas A (2019) Dynamic nature of heavy metal toxicity in water and sediments of Ayad River with climatic change. Int J Hydro 3(5):339–343

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarkar T, Alam MM, Parvin N, Fardous Z, Chowdhury AZ, Hossain S, Haque ME, Biswas N (2016) Assessment of heavy metals contamination and human health risk in shrimp collected from different farms and rivers at Khulna-Satkhira region, Bangladesh. Toxicol Rep 3:346–350

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siddiqui AS, Saher NU (2022) Effects of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on the heavy metal influx in fiddler crab (Austruca iranica) inhabiting the marine environment of Pakistan. Cont Shelf Res 246:104809

    Google Scholar 

  • Sodango TH, Li X, Sha J, Bao Z (2018) Review of the spatial distribution, source and extent of heavy metal pollution of soil in China: impacts and mitigation approaches. J Health Pollut 8(17):53–70

    Google Scholar 

  • Sonone SS, Jadhav S, Sankhla MS, Kumar R (2020) Water contamination by heavy metals and their toxic effect on aquaculture and human health through the food Chain. Lett Appl Nanobioscience 10(2):2148–2166

    Google Scholar 

  • Sule K, Umbsaar J, Prenner EJ (2020) Mechanisms of Co, Ni, and Mn toxicity: from exposure and homeostasis to their interactions with and impact on lipids and biomembranes. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Biomembranes 1862(8):183250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183250

  • Sule AY, Yakub AS, Agwu OA, Bassey BO, Igbo JK, Bello BO, Abiodun OA, Olapoju OA, Nosazeogie EO, Izge MA, Haruna, AF (2022) Ecological and human health risk assessment of heavy metal in sediment and demersal marine fish in Gulf of Guinea western offshore Nigeria. Research Square. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1723416/v2

  • Tchounwou PB, Yedjou CG, Patlolla AK, Sutton DJ (2012) Heavy metals toxicity and the environment. Mol Clin Environ Toxicol 101:133–164

    Google Scholar 

  • Trathan PN, García-Borboroglu P, Boersma D, Bost CA, Crawford RJ, Crossin GT, Cuthbert RJ, Dann P, Davis LS, De La Puente S, Ellenberg U (2015) Pollution, habitat loss, fishing, and climate change as critical threats to penguins. Conserv Biol 29(1):31–41

    Google Scholar 

  • USEPA (2011) USEPA regional screening level (RSL) summary table: November 2011. Available at: http://www.epa.gov/regshwmd/risk/human/Index.htm,last update : 6 December, 2011

  • USEPA (2012) United States Environmental Protection Agency Region III Risk-Based Concentration (RBC) Table 2008. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA

  • Weldeslassie T, Naz H, Singh B, Oves M (2018) Chemical contaminants for soil, air and aquatic ecosystem. Modern age environmental problems and their remediation. Springer, Cham, pp 1–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Whyte M, Numbere TW, Sam K (2020) Residents perception of the effects of soot pollution in Rivers State, Nigeria. Afr J Environ Sci Technol 14(12):422–430

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization (2017) Guidelines for Drinking water quality, 4th edn. WHO, pp 631. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241549950. Accessed 10 May 2022

  • Zabbey N, Ekpenyong IG, Nwipie GN, Davies IC, Sam K (2021) Effects of fragmented mangroves on macrozoobenthos: a case study of mangrove clearance for Power line right-of-way at Oproama Creek, Niger Delta. Nigeria. Afr J Aquat Sci 46(2):185–195. https://doi.org/10.2989/16085914.2020.1832437

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang C (2007) Fundamental of environmental sampling and analysis. Wiley, New York, p 109

    Google Scholar 

  • Zohdi E, Abbaspour M (2019) Harmful algal blooms (red tide): a review of causes, impacts and approaches to monitoring and prediction. Int J Environ Sci Technol 16:1789–1806

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Thanks to all the reviewers that improved the quality of this study.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Fisheries, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria

    Davies Ibienebo Chris

  2. Department of Marine Environment and Pollution Control, Nigeria Maritime University, Okerenkoko, Warri, Nigeria

    Amarachi Paschaline Onyena & Kabari Sam

  3. School of Environment, Geography and Geoscience, University of Portsmouth, Burnaby Road, Portsmouth, PO1 3QL, UK

    Kabari Sam

Authors
  1. Davies Ibienebo Chris
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Amarachi Paschaline Onyena
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Kabari Sam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Davies Ibienebo Chris: Conceptualization, methodology, visualization, investigation, writing. Amarachi Paschaline Onyena: writing original draft preparation, review and editing. Kabari Sam: Writing—final review and editing.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Amarachi Paschaline Onyena.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues

Publisher's note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Chris, D.I., Onyena, A.P. & Sam, K. Evaluation of human health and ecological risk of heavy metals in water, sediment and shellfishes in typical artisanal oil mining areas of Nigeria. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 80055–80069 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-27932-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-27932-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation