Abstract
To achieve sustainable development goals and to solve environmental problems, land resources in eco-sensitive areas should be used and optimized. Qinghai, which is an important eco-sensitive area in China, represents a typical ecological vulnerable region on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau. Using land use/cover data for 2000, 2010 and 2020, this study applied a series of quantitative methods to analyze the spatial pattern and structure of the production–living–ecological space (PLES) in Qinghai. The results indicated that the spatial pattern of the PLES in Qinghai was stable over time, but the spatial distribution was very different. The structure of the PLES in Qinghai was stable, and the proportion of each space from high to low was ecological (81.01%), production (18.13%) and living (0.86%). We found that the proportion of ecological space in both the Qilian Mountains and the Three River Headwaters Region was lower than the rest of the study area, except for the Yellow River–Huangshui River Valley. Our study objectively and credibly presented the characteristics of the PLES in an important eco-sensitive area in China. This study further formulated targeted policy suggestions to provide a basis for regional sustainable development, ecological environment protection, and land and space optimization in Qinghai.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The data and materials presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.
References
Allmendinger P, Haughton G (2013) The evolution and trajectories of English spatial governance: ‘Neoliberal’ episodes in planning. Plan Pract Res 28:6–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/02697459.2012.699223
Balsa-Barreiro J, Li Y, Morales A, Pentland A (2019) Globalization and the shifting centers of gravity of world’s human dynamics: Implications for sustainability. J Clean Prod 239:117923. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.117923
Cheng ZL, Zhang YJ, Wang LZ, Wei LY, Wu XY (2022) An analysis of land-use conflict potential based on the perspective of production-living-ecological function. Sustainability 14:5936. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14105936
Cui JX, Gu J, Sun JW, Luo J (2018) The spatial pattern and evolution characteristics of the production, living and ecological space in Hubei Province. China Land Sci 32:67–73
Deng YX, Yang R (2021) Influence mechanism of production-living-ecological space changes in the urbanization process of Guangdong Province, China. Land 10:1357. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10121357
Dominati E, Patterson M, Mackay A (2010) A framework for classifying and quantifying the natural capital and ecosystem services of soils. Ecol Econ 69:1858–1868. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.05.002
Duan XY, Chen Y, Wang LQ, Zheng GD, Liang T (2022) The impact of land use and land cover changes on the landscape pattern and ecosystem service value in Sanjiangyuan region of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. J Environ Manage 325:116539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116539
Ellis EC, Kaplan JO, Fuller DQ, Vavrus S, Klein Goldewijk K, Verburg PH (2013) Used planet: A global history. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 110:7978–7985. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1217241110
Foley JA, DeFries R, Asner GP, Barford C, Bonan G, Carpenter SR, Chapin FS, Coe MT, Daily GC, Gibbs HK, Helkowski JH, Holloway T, Howard EA, Kucharik CJ, Monfreda C, Patz JA, Prentice IC, Ramankutty N, Snyder PK (2005) Global consequences of land use. Science 309:570–574. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1111772
Fu BJ, Zhang LW, Xu ZH, Zhao Y, Wei YP, Skinner D (2015) Ecosystem services in changing land use. J Soils Sediments 15:833–843. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-015-1082-x
Fu C, Tu X, Huang A (2021) Identification and characterization of production-living-ecological space in a central urban area based on POI data: A case study for Wuhan, China. Sustainability 13:7691. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147691
Gao K, Yang XM, Wang ZH, Zhang HF, Huang C, Zeng XW (2022) Spatial sustainable development assessment using fusing multisource data from the perspective of production-living-ecological space division: A case of greater bay area, China. Remote Sens 14:2772. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14122772
Hu ZK, Tan DB, Wen XF, Chen BQ, Shen DT (2021) Investigation of dynamic lake changes in Zhuonai Lake-Salt Lake Basin, Hoh Xil, using remote sensing images in response to climate change (1989–2018). J Water Clim Chang 12:2199–2216. https://doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2021.285
Hua T, Zhao WW, Cherubini F, Hu XP, Pereira P (2022) Continuous growth of human footprint risks compromising the benefits of protected areas on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Glob Ecol Conserv 34:e02053. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02053
Huang JC, Lin HX, Qi XX (2017) A literature review on optimization of spatial development pattern based on ecological-production-living space. Prog Geogr 36:378–391
Huang A, Xu YQ, Lu LH, Liu C, Zhang YB, Hao JM, Wang H (2020) Research progress of the identification and optimization of production-living-ecological spaces. Prog Geogr 39:503–518
Ito A, Hajima T (2020) Biogeophysical and biogeochemical impacts of land-use change simulated by MIROC-ES2L. Prog Earth Planet Sci 7:54. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40645-020-00372-w
Jansen C (2017) Region-province-municipality: Spatial planning and spatial policy in Italy, 1860–2016. Hist Soc Res 42:267–294. https://doi.org/10.12759/hsr.42.2017.2.267-294
Jiang D, Lin G, Fu JY (2021) Discussion on scientific foundation and approach for the overall optimization of “production-living-ecological” space. J Nat Resour 36:1085–1101
Jiang ZM, Wu H, Lin AQ, Shariff ARM, Hu Q, Song DX, Zhu WC (2022) Optimizing the spatial pattern of land use in a prominent grain-producing area: A sustainable development perspective. Sci Total Environ 843:156971. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156971
Kienast F, Bolliger J, Potschin M, de Groot RS, Verburg PH, Heller I, Wascher D, Haines-Young R (2009) Assessing landscape functions with broad-scale environmental data: insights gained from a prototype development for Europe. Environ Manage 44:1099–1120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-009-9384-7
Klein LR (2009) Measurement of a shift in the world’s center of economic gravity. J Policy Modeling 31:489–492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2009.05.005
Klein Goldewijk K, Beusen A, Doelman J, Stehfest E (2017) Anthropogenic land use estimates for the Holocene-HYDE 3.2. Earth Syst Sci Data 9:927–953. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-927-2017
Li GD, Fang CL (2016) Quantitative function identification and analysis of urban ecological-production-living spaces. Acta Geogr Sin 71:49–65
Li SC, Wu JS, Gong J, Li SW (2018) Human footprint in Tibet: Assessing the spatial layout and effectiveness of nature reserves. Sci Total Environ 621:18–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.216
Li HY, Mao DH, Li XY, Wang ZM, Wang CZ (2019) Monitoring 40-year lake area changes of the Qaidam Basin, Tibetan Plateau, using Landsat time series. Remote Sens 11:343. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11030343
Li JS, Sun W, Li MY, Meng LL (2021) Coupling coordination degree of production, living and ecological spaces and its influencing factors in the Yellow River Basin. J Clean Prod 298:126803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126803
Liao GT, He P, Gao XS, Deng LJ, Zhang H, Feng NN, Zhou W, Deng OP (2019) The production-living-ecological land classification system and its characteristics in the hilly area of Sichuan Province, southwest China based on identification of the main functions. Sustainability 11:1600. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11061600
Liao T, Li D, Wan Q (2020) Tradeoff of exploitation-protection and suitability evaluation of low-slope hilly from the perspective of “production-living-ecological” optimization. Phys Chem Earth 120:102943. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2020.102943
Liu JL, Liu YS, Li YR (2017) Classification evaluation and spatial-temporal analysis of “production-living-ecological” spaces in China. Acta Geogr Sin 72:1290–1304
Liu YS, Li JT, Yang YY (2018) Strategic adjustment of land use policy under the economic transformation. Land Use Pol 74:5–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.07.005
Liu YJ, Zou XT, Chen J, Pan T (2022) Impacts of protected areas establishment on pastoralists’ livelihoods in the Three-River-Source Region on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Land Use Pol 115:106018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.106018
Nakao K, Higa M, Tsuyama I, Matsui T, Horikawa M, Tanaka N (2013) Spatial conservation planning under climate change: Using species distribution modeling to assess priority for adaptive management of Fagus crenata in Japan. J Nat Conserv 21:406–413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2013.06.003
Pang XF, Zhang LG, Li SC, Lu RC, Liu SK (2022) Spatial-temporal change and synergy/trade-off relationship of “production-living-ecological” Space along the Sino-Vietnamese Border. Agronomy 12:2862. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12112862
Ramankutty N, Foley JA (1999) Estimating historical changes in global land cover: croplands from 1700 to 1992. Glob Biogeochem Cycles 13:997–1027. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GB900046
Rural Social and Economic Survey Division, National Bureau of Statistics (2022) China Statistical Yearbook (County-level). China Statistics Press, Beijing
Stephens L, Fuller D, Boivin N, Rick T, Gauthier N, Kay A, Marwick B, Armstrong CGD, Barton CM, Denham T, Douglass K, Driver J, Janz L, Roberts P, Rogers JD, Thakar H, Altaweel M, Johnson AL, Vattuone MMS, Aldenderfer M, Archila S, Artioli G, Bale MT, Beach T, Borrell F, Braje T, Buckland PI, Cano NGJ, Capriles JM, Castillo AD, Çilingiroglu Ç, Cleary MN, Conolly J, Coutros PR, Covey RA, Cremaschi M, Crowther A, Der L, di Lernia S, Doershuk JF, Doolittle WE, Edwards KJ, Erlandson JM, Evans D, Fairbairn A, Faulkner P, Feinman G, Fernandes R, Fitzpatrick SM, Fyfe R, Garcea E, Goldstein S, Goodman RC, Guedes JD, Herrmann J, Hiscock P, Hommel P, Horsburgh KA, Hritz C, Ives JW, Junno A, Kahn JG, Kaufman B, Kearns C, Kidder TR, Lanoë F, Lawrence D, Lee GA, Levin MJ, Lindskoug HB, López-Sáez JA, Macrae S, Marchant R, Marston JM, McClure S, McCoy MD, Miller AV, Morrison M, MotuzaiteMatuzeviciute G, Müller J, Nayak A, Noerwidi S, Peres TM, Peterson CE, Proctor L, Randall AR, Renette S, Schug GR, Ryzewski K, Saini R, Scheinsohn V, Schmidt P, Sebillaud P, Seitsonen O, Simpson IA, Sołtysiak A, Speakman RJ, Spengler RN, Steffen ML, Storozum MJ, Strickland KM, Thompson J, Thurston TL, Ulm S, Ustunkaya MC, Welker MH, West C, Williams PR, Wright DK, Wright N, Zahir M, Zerboni A, Beaudoin E, Garcia SM, Powell J, Thornton A, Kaplan JO, Gaillard MJ, Klein Goldewijk K, Ellis E (2019) Archaeological assessment reveals Earth’s early transformation through land use. Science 365:897–902. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aax1192
Teng YM, Zhan JY, Liu SL, Agyemanga FB, Li ZH, Wang C, Liu W (2022) Integrating ecological and social vulnerability assessment in Qinghai Province, China. Phys Chem Earth 126:103115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2022.103115
Valk AVD (2002) The dutch planning experience. Landsc Urban Plan 58:201–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(01)00221-3
Vitousek PM, Mooney HA, Lubchenco J, Melillo JM (1997) Human domination of Earth’s ecosystems. Science 277:494–499. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.277.5325.494
Wang Y (2022) Spatial–temporal evolution of “Production-Living-Ecologica” function and layout optimization Strategy in China: A case study of Liaoning Province, China. Environ Sci Pollut Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22899-9
Wang Q, Wang HJ (2022) Dynamic simulation and conflict identification analysis of production-living-ecological space in Wuhan, Central China. Integr Environ Assess Manag 18:1578–1596. https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.4574
Wei Y, Ye X (2014) Urbanization, urban land expansion and environmental change in China. Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess 28:757–765. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-013-0840-9
Wei XF, Zhao YL, Li XB, Xue CL, Xia SY (2019) Characteristics and optimization of geographical space in urban agglomeration in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River based on the function of “production-living-ecological.” Resour Environ Yangtze Basin 28:1070–1079
Willemen L, Hein L, van Mensvoort MEF, Verburg PH (2010) Space for people, plants, and livestock? Quantifying interactions among multiple landscape functions in a Dutch rural region. Ecol Indic 10:62–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2009.02.015
Wu XY, Ding JM, Lu BJ, Wan YY, Shi LN, Wen Q (2022) Eco-environmental effects of changes in territorial spatial pattern and their driving forces in Qinghai, China (1980–2020). Land 11:1772. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11101772
Xiao PN, Xu J, Zhao C (2022) Conflict identification and zoning optimization of “production-living-ecological” space. Int J Environ Res Public Health 19:7990. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137990
Xie GD, Zhang CX, Zhang LM, Chen WH, Li SM (2015) Improvement of the evaluation method for ecosystem service value based on per unit area. J Nat Resour 30:1243–1254
Xu XL, Liu JY, Zhang SW, Li RD, Yan CZ, Wu SX (2018) Multi period land use and land cover remote sensing monitoring data set in China (CNLUCC). Resource and Environment Science and Data Center (http://www.resdc.cn/DOI). https://doi.org/10.12078/2018070201
Yang Y, Bao W, Li Y, Wang Y, Chen Z (2020) Land use transition and its eco-environmental effects in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei urban agglomeration: A production-living-ecological perspective. Land 9:285. https://doi.org/10.3390/land9090285
Yu H, Wang GX, Yang Y, Bai ZY, Liu BT, Zhang TZ, Xu YX, Lu YQ (2020) Enhancing ecological value through sustainable food supply of grasslands in the Three-River-Source National Park, Tibet Plateau, China. Ecosyst Serv 46:101218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2020.101218
Zhang Z, Li JM (2022) Spatial suitability and multi-scenarios for land use: Simulation and policy insights from the production-living-ecological perspective. Land Use Pol 119:106219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2022.106219
Zhang HQ, Xu EQ, Zhu HY (2015) An ecological-living-industrial land classification system and its spatial distribution in China. Resour Sci 37:1332–1338
Zhang R, Li S, Wei B, Zhou X (2022a) Characterizing production-living-ecological space evolution and its driving factors: a case study of the Chaohu Lake Basin in China from 2000 to 2020. ISPRS Int J Geo-Inf 11:447. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11080447
Zhang SB, Zhao KX, Ji SY, Guo YF, Wu FQ, Liu JX, Xie F (2022b) Evolution characteristics, eco-environmental response and influencing factors of production-living-ecological space in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Land 11:1020. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11071020
Zhang X, Chen JQ, Chen JS, Ma FY, Wang T (2022c) Lake expansion under the groundwater contribution in Qaidam Basin, China. Remote Sens 14:1756. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14071756
Zhao XQ, Xu TW, Ellis J, He FQ, Hu LY, Li Q (2020) Rewilding the wildlife in Sangjiangyuan National Park, Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Ecosyst Health Sustain 6:1776643. https://doi.org/10.1080/20964129.2020.1776643
Zhao Y, Cheng J, Zhu Y, Zhao Y (2021) Spatiotemporal evolution and regional differences in the production-living-ecological Space of the Urban Agglomeration in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River. Int J Environ Res Public Health 18:12497. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312497
Zhou H, Jin P, Xia WS (2020) Functional zoning of territorial space in provincial level based on the production-living-ecological functions: a case of Henan Province. China Land Sci 34:10–17
Zhou K, Wu JY, Liu HC (2021) Spatio-temporal estimation of the anthropogenic environmental stress intensity in the Three-River-Source National Park region, China. J Clean Prod 318:128476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128476
Zhu YY, Yu B, Zeng JX, Han Y (2015) Spatial optimization from three spaces of production, living and ecology in national restricted zones: A case study of Wufeng County in Hubei Province. Econ Geogr 35:26–32
Funding
This work was funded by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. XDA 2009000002), the Young and Middle-aged Research Fund of Qinghai Normal University (Grant No. 2022QSK018).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Zhi Qiang Hu, Zhi Lei Wu and Feng Gui Liu contributed to the conception of the study; Zhi Qiang Hu and Zhi Lei Wu design the methodology of the study; Zhi Qiang Hu contributed significantly to analysis and write the manuscripts; Zhi Qiang Hu, Zhi Lei Wu and Xiao Min Yuan, Zhi Long Zhao and Feng Gui Liu reviewed and edited the manuscripts. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethical approval
Not applicable.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent to publish
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues
Publisher's note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Hu, Z., Wu, Z., Yuan, X. et al. Spatial–temporal evolution of production–living–ecological space and layout optimization strategy in eco-sensitive areas: a case study of typical area on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 79807–79820 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-27611-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-27611-z