Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

An economical electrocoagulation process of a hazardous anionic azo dye wastewater with the combination of recycled electrodes and solar energy

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Environmental Science and Pollution Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The energy and electrode costs are the restrictions of applying electrocoagulation (EC) in wastewater treatment and many attempts have been made to decrease these costs. In this study, an economical EC was investigated to treat a hazardous anionic azo dye wastewater (DW) that threatens the environment and human health. Firstly, an electrode for EC process was produced from recycled aluminum cans (RACs) by remelting in an induction melting furnace. The performance of the RAC electrodes in the EC was evaluated for COD, color removal, and the EC operating parameters such as initial pH, current density (CD), and electrolysis time. Response surface methodology which is based on central composite design (RSM-CCD) was used for the optimization of the process parameters which were found to be pH 3.96, CD 15 mA/cm2, and electrolysis time 45 min. The maximum COD and color removal values were determined as 98.87% and 99.07%, respectively. The characterization of electrodes and the EC sludge was conducted by XRD, SEM, and EDS analyses for the optimum variables. In addition, the corrosion test was conducted to determine the theoretical lifetime of the electrodes. The results showed that the RAC electrodes show an extended lifetime as compared to their counterparts. Secondly, the energy cost required to treat DW in the EC was aimed to decrease by using solar panels (PV), and the optimum number of PV for the EC was determined by the MATLAB/Simulink. Consequently, the EC with low treatment cost was proposed for the treatment of DW. An economical and efficient EC process for waste management and energy policies was investigated in the present study which will be instrumental in the emergence of new understandings.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

Data will be made available on request.

Abbreviations

DC:

Direct current

EC:

Electrocoagulation

CD:

Current density

Time:

Electrolysis time

RSM :

Response surface methodology

CCD:

Central composite design

RAC:

Recycling aluminum cans

Fe:

Iron

Al:

Aluminum

ANOVA:

The analysis of variance

CR:

Congo Red

COD:

Chemical oxygen demand

SEM :

Scanning electron microscope

FESEM:

Field-emission scanning electron microscope

FTIR:

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis

XRD:

X-ray diffraction

EDS:

Electron dispersive spectroscopy

OC :

Operating cost

ENC:

Electrical energy consumption

ELC:

Electrode consumption

EC-F:

Electrocoagulation-flotation

DW:

Dye-containing wastewater

References

  • Abdulrazzaq NN, Al-Sabbagh BH, Shanshool HA (2021) Coupling of electrocoagulation and microflotation for the removal of textile dyes from aqueous solutions. J Water Process Eng 40:101906. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JWPE.2020.101906

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad MA, Alrozi R (2010) Optimization of preparation conditions for mangosteen peel-based activated carbons for the removal of Remazol Brilliant Blue R using response surface methodology. Chem Eng J 165(3):883–890

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akhtar A, Aslam Z, Asghar A, Bello MM, Raman AAA (2020) Electrocoagulation of Congo Red dye-containing wastewater: optimization of operational parameters and process mechanism. J Environ Chem Eng 8(5):104055

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akkaya GK, Sekman E, Top S, Sagir E, Bilgili MS, Guvenc SY (2017) Enhancing filterability of activated sludge from landfill leachate treatment plant by applying electrical field ineffective on bacterial life. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24:10364–10372

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akkaya GK (2022) Treatment of petroleum wastewater by electrocoagulation using scrap perforated (Fe-anode) and plate (Al and Fe-cathode) metals: optimization of operating parameters by RSM. Chem Eng Res Des 187:261–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHERD.2022.08.048

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akyol A (2012) Treatment of paint manufacturing wastewater by electrocoagulation. Desalination 285:91–99

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Degs Y, Khraisheh MAM, Allen SJ, Ahmad MN (2000) Effect of carbon surface chemistry on the removal of reactive dyes from textile effluent. Water Res 34(3):927–935

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alaba PA, Sani YM, Mohammed IY, Abakr YA, Wan Daud WMA (2017) Synthesis of hierarchical nanoporous HY zeolites from activated kaolin, a central composite design optimization study. Adv Powder Technol 28(5):1399–1410. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.APT.2017.03.008

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • AlJaberi FY, Alardhi SM, Ahmed SA, Salman AD, Juzsakova T, Cretescu I, Le PC, Chung WJ, Chang SW, Nguyen DD (2022) Can electrocoagulation technology be integrated with wastewater treatment systems to improve treatment efficiency? Environ Res 214:113890. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVRES.2022.113890

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Tohamy R, Ali SS, Li F, Okasha KM, Mahmoud YAG, Elsamahy T, ..., Sun J (2022) A critical review on the treatment of dye-containing wastewater: Ecotoxicological and health concerns of textile dyes and possible remediation approaches for environmental safety. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 231:113160

  • AlSaffar KA, Bdeir LMH (2008) Recycling of aluminum beverage cans. J Eng Technol 12(3):157–163

    Google Scholar 

  • Aoudj S, Khelifa A, Drouiche N, Hecini M, Hamitouche H (2010) Electrocoagulation process applied to wastewater containing dyes from textile industry. Chem Eng Process 49(11):1176–1182

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Asghar A, Abdul Raman AA, Daud WW (2017) Sequential optimization for minimizing material cost and treatment time of fenton oxidation for textile wastewater treatment. Chem Eng Commun 204(8):873–883

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Asghar A, Ramzan N, Jamal B, Maqsood M, Sajjadi B, Chen W (2020) Low frequency ultrasonic-assisted Fenton oxidation of textile wastewater: process optimization and electrical energy evaluation. Water Environ J 34(4):523–535

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aygün A, Nas B, Sevimli MF (2021) Electrocoagulation of disperse dyebath wastewater: optimization of process variables and sludge production. J of Electrochem Sci Technol 12(1):82–91

  • Bajpai S, Gupta SK, Dey A, Jha MK, Bajpai V, Joshi S, Gupta A (2012) Application of central composite design approach for removal of chromium (VI) from aqueous solution using weakly anionic resin: modeling, optimization, and study of interactive variables. J Hazard Mater 227:436–444

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bani-Melhem K, Al-Kilani MR, Tawalbeh M (2023) Evaluation of scrap metallic waste electrode materials for the application in electrocoagulation treatment of wastewater. Chemosphere 310:136668. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2022.136668

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bayar S, Yildiz YS, Yilmaz AE, Irdemez S (2011) The effect of stirring speed and current density on removal efficiency of poultry slaughterhouse wastewater by electrocoagulation method. Desalination 280(1–3):103–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.DESAL.2011.06.061

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Behera SK, Meena H, Chakraborty S, Meikap BC (2018) Application of response surface methodology (RSM) for optimization of leaching parameters for ash reduction from low-grade coal. Int J Min Sci Technol 28(4):621–629. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJMST.2018.04.014

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bellini A, Bifaretti S, Iacovone V, Cornaro C (2009) Simplified model of a photovoltaic module. Applied Electronics, Rome

    Google Scholar 

  • Bener S, Bulca Ö, Palas B, Tekin G, Atalay S, Ersöz G (2019) Electrocoagulation process for the treatment of real textile wastewater: effect of operative conditions on the organic carbon removal and kinetic study. Process Saf Environ Prot 129:47–54

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Can-Güven E (2021) Advanced treatment of dye manufacturing wastewater by electrocoagulation and electro-Fenton processes: effect on COD fractions, energy consumption, and sludge analysis. J Environ Manag 300:113784. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2021.113784

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cardoso JC, Bessegato GG, BoldrinZanoni MV (2016) Efficiency comparison of ozonation, photolysis, photocatalysis and photoelectrocatalysis methods in real textile wastewater decolorization. Water Res 98:39–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.WATRES.2016.04.004

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Costa AL, Gomes AC, Lopes AD, Da Silva JP, Pillinger M, Gonçalves IS, de Melo JSS (2020) Evaluation of the supramolecular interaction of Congo red with cucurbiturils using mass spectrometry and spectroscopic methods. New J Chem 44(6):2587–2596

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dalvand A, Gholami M, Joneidi A, Mahmoodi NM (2011) Dye removal, energy consumption and operating cost of electrocoagulation of textile wastewater as a clean process. Clean-Soil Air Water 39(7):665–672

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Das PP, Sharma M, Purkait MK (2022) Recent progress on electrocoagulation process for wastewater treatment: a review. Separation Purif Technol 292:121058. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SEPPUR.2022.121058

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elabbas S, Ouazzani N, Mandi L, Berrekhis F, Perdicakis M, Pontvianne S, Pons M-N, Lapicque F, Leclerc J-P (2016) Treatment of highly concentrated tannery wastewater using electrocoagulation: influence of the quality of aluminium used for the electrode. J Hazard Mater 319:69–77

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elazzouzi M, Haboubi K, Elyoubi MS, El Kasmi A (2021) Development of a novel electrocoagulation anode for real urban wastewater treatment: experimental and modeling study to optimize operative conditions. Arab J Chem 14(1):102912. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ARABJC.2020.11.018

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elkacmi R, Boudouch O, Hasib A, Bouzaid M, Bennajah M (2020) Photovoltaic electrocoagulation treatment of olive mill wastewater using an external-loop airlift reactor. Sustain Chem Pharm 17(May):100274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scp.2020.100274

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Emerick T, Vieira JL, Silveira MHL, João JJ (2020) Ultrasound-assisted electrocoagulation process applied to the treatment and reuse of swine slaughterhouse wastewater. J Environ Chem Eng 8(6):104308

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Federation WE, Association A (2005) Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. American Public Health Association (APHA), Washington, DC, USA, p 21

    Google Scholar 

  • Golder AK, Samanta AN, Ray S (2006) Anionic reactive dye removal from aqueous solution using a new adsorbent—sludge generated in removal of heavy metal by electrocoagulation. Chem Eng J 122(1–2):107–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEJ.2006.06.003

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goudjil S, Guergazi S, Masmoudi T, Achour S (2021) Effect of reactional parameters on the elimination of Congo Red by the combination of coagulation–floculation with aluminum sulfate. Desalin Water Treat 209:429–436

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huda N, Raman AAA, Bello MM, Ramesh S (2017) Electrocoagulation treatment of raw landfill leachate using iron-based electrodes: effects of process parameters and optimization. J Environ Manage 204:75–81

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hussin F, Abnisa F, Issabayeva G, Aroua MK (2017) Removal of lead by solar-photovoltaic electrocoagulation using novel perforated zinc electrode. J Clean Prod 147:206–216

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Idusuyi N, Ajide OO, Abu R, Okewole OA, Ibiyemi OO (2022) Low cost electrocoagulation process for treatment of contaminated water using aluminium electrodes from recycled cans. Mater Today: Proc 56:1712–1716. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MATPR.2021.10.352

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Inayat M, Sulaiman SA, Kurnia JC (2019) Catalytic co-gasification of coconut shells and oil palm fronds blends in the presence of cement, dolomite, and limestone: parametric optimization via Box Behnken Design. J Energy Inst 92(4):871–882

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang C, Zhang J (2007) Progress and prospect in electro-Fenton process for wastewater treatment. J Zhejiang Univ-Sci A 8(7):1118–1125

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jin P, Zhu J, Yuan S, Zhang G, Volodine A, Tian M, Wang J, Luis P, Van der Bruggen B (2021) Erythritol-based polyester loose nanofiltration membrane with fast water transport for efficient dye/salt separation. Chem Eng J 406:126796. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEJ.2020.126796

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kamyab H, Yuzir MA, Al-Qaim FF, Purba LDA, Riyadi FA (2021) Application of Box-Behnken design to mineralization and color removal of palm oil mill effluent by electrocoagulation process. Environ Sci Pollut Res 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16197-z

  • Kannan N, Vakeesan D (2016) Solar energy for future world:-a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 62:1092–1105

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khandegar V, Saroha AK (2012) Electrochemical treatment of distillery spent wash using aluminum and ıron electrodes. Chin J Chem Eng 20(3):439–443. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1004-9541(11)60204-8

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khemila B, Merzouk B, Chouder A, Zidelkhir R, Leclerc J-P, Lapicque F (2018) Removal of a textile dye using photovoltaic electrocoagulation. Sustain Chem Pharm 7:27–35

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khorram AG, Fallah N (2018) Treatment of textile dyeing factory wastewater by electrocoagulation with low sludge settling time: optimization of operating parameters by RSM. J Environ Chem Eng 6(1):635–642

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim S-H, Choi P-P (2017) Enhanced Congo red dye removal from aqueous solutions using iron nanoparticles: adsorption, kinetics, and equilibrium studies. Dalton Trans 46(44):15470–15479

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kobya M, Demirbas E, Can OT, Bayramoglu M (2006) Treatment of levafix orange textile dye solution by electrocoagulation. J Hazard Mater 132(2–3):183–188

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar D, Sharma C (2022) Paper industry wastewater treatment by electrocoagulation and aspect of sludge management. J Clean Prod 360:131970

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lach CE, Pauli CS, Coan AS, Simionatto EL, Koslowski LAD (2022) Investigating the process of electrocoagulation in the removal of azo dye from synthetic textile effluents and the effects of acute toxicity on Daphnia magna test organisms. J Water Process Eng 45:102485

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Litefti K, Freire MS, Stitou M, González-Álvarez J (2019) Adsorption of an anionic dye (Congo red) from aqueous solutions by pine bark. Sci Rep 9(1):1–11

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ma SS (2016) Electrolytic removal of alizarin red S by Fe/Al composite hydrogel electrode for electrocoagulation toward a new wastewater treatment. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23(22):22771–22782

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mittal A, Mittal J, Malviya A, Gupta VK (2009) Adsorptive removal of hazardous anionic dye “Congo red” from wastewater using waste materials and recovery by desorption. J Colloid Interface Sci 340(1):16–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCIS.2009.08.019

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mohammadlo N, Rasoulifard MH, Vahedpour M, Eskandarian MR (2014) The kinetic and thermodynamic study for decolorization of Congo red from aqueous solution using electrocoagulation process. J Appl Chem Res 8(4):123–142

    Google Scholar 

  • Moussa DT, El-Naas MH, Nasser M, Al-Marri MJ (2017) A comprehensive review of electrocoagulation for water treatment: potentials and challenges. J Environ Manage 186:24–41

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nandiyanto ABD, Oktiani R, Ragadhita R (2019) How to read and interpret FTIR spectroscope of organic material. Indonesian J Sci Technol 4(1):97–118

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Negarestani M, Motamedi M, Kashtiaray A, Khadir A, Sillanpää M (2020) Simultaneous removal of acetaminophen and ibuprofen from underground water by an electrocoagulation unit: operational parameters and kinetics. Groundw Sustain Dev 11:100474

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nidheesh PV, Singh TSA (2017) Arsenic removal by electrocoagulation process: recent trends and removal mechanism. Chemosphere 181:418–432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.04.082

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nippatla N, Philip L (2020) Electrochemical process employing scrap metal waste as electrodes for dye removal. J Environ Manag 273:111039. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2020.111039

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oliveira JT, de Sousa MC, Martins IA, de Sena LMG, Nogueira TR, Vidal CB,..., do Nascimento RF (2021) Electrocoagulation/oxidation/flotation by direct pulsed current applied to the removal of antibiotics from Brazilian WWTP effluents. Electrochimica Acta 388:138499

  • Otitoju TA, Ouyang Y, Jiang D, Shoparwe NF, Jansen JC, Wang S, Zhang A, Sun T, Li S (2022) Efficient removal of chemical oxygen demand from lye wastewater by APTES-TIO2/GO mixed matrix membrane: optimization using Box-Behnken Design. J Clean Prod 336:130379. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2022.130379

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palanisamy S, Nachimuthu P, Awasthi MK, Ravindran B, Chang SW, Palanichamy M, Nguyen DD (2020) Application of electrochemical treatment for the removal of triazine dye using aluminium electrodes. J Water Supply Res Technol AQUA 69(4):345–354

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pathak A, Khandegar V, Kumar A (2021) Statistical ınvestigation in conjunction with a Box-Behnken design for the removal of dyes using electrocoagulation. J Hazard Toxic Radioact Waste 26(2):4022001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pi Y, Duan C, Zhou Y, Sun S, Yin Z, Zhang H, Liu C, Zhao Y (2022) The effective removal of Congo Red using a bio-nanocluster: Fe3O4 nanoclusters modified bacteria. J Hazard Mater 424:127577. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JHAZMAT.2021.127577

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pigorsch E, Elhaddaoui A, Turrell S (1994) Spectroscopic study of pH and solvent effects on the structure of Congo red and its binding mechanism to amyloid-like proteins. Spectrochim Acta Part A 50(12):2145–2152. https://doi.org/10.1016/0584-8539(94)00151-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sankar MSR, Sivasubramanian V, Vijay EVV, Jerold M, Kanimozhi J, Sinu P, Shankar N (2018) Kinetic, isothermal and thermodynamic investigation on electrocoagulation of Congo red dye removal from synthetic wastewater using aluminium electrodes. Desalin Water Treat 122:339–350

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sankar R, Sivasubramanian V (2020) Application of statistical design to optimize the electrocoagulation of synthetic Congo red dye solution and predicting the mechanism. Int J Environ Sci Technol 17(3):1373–1386

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sankar MR, Sivasubramanian V (2021) Optimization and evaluation of malathion removal by electrocoagulation process and sludge management. J Environ Chem Eng 9(5):106147

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sismanoglu T, Pura S, Bastug AS (2006) Binary and ternary metal complexes of Congo red with amino acids. Dyes and Pigments 70(2):136–142

  • Song D, Kadier A, Peralta-Hernández JM, Xie H, Hao B, Ma PC (2022) Separation of oil-water emulsions by a novel packed bed electrocoagulation (EC) process using anode from recycled aluminum beverage cans. J Clean Prod 379:134693. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2022.134693

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suresh A, Sathish S, Narendrakumar G (2019) Electrocoagulation of azo dye containing synthetic wastewater using monopolar iron electrodes and the characterization of the sludge. Water Practice Technol 14(3):587–597

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Valero D, Ortiz JM, Exposito E, Montiel V, Aldaz A (2008) Electrocoagulation of a synthetic textile effluent powered by photovoltaic energy without batteries: direct connection behaviour. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 92(3):291–297

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vidal J, Villegas L, Peralta-Hernández JM, Salazar González R (2016) Removal of Acid Black 194 dye from water by electrocoagulation with aluminum anode. J Environ Sci Health Part A 51(4):289–296

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vignesh A, Siddarth A, Babu BR (2017) Electro-dissolution of metal scrap anodes for nickel ion removal from metal finishing effluent. J Mater Cycles Waste Manage 19(1):155–162

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yasasve M, Manjusha M, Manojj D, Hariharan NM, Sai Preethi P, Asaithambi P, Karmegam N, Saravanan M (2022) Unravelling the emerging carcinogenic contaminants from industrial waste water for prospective remediation by electrocoagulation – a review. Chemosphere 307:136017. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2022.136017

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

In the study, a copper mold manufactured in the NEU-BAP project numbered 211219005 was used to obtain RAC electrodes. Some portions of information contained in this publication are printed with the permission of Minitab, LLC. All such material remains the exclusive property and copyright of Minitab, LLC. All rights reserved.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Environmental Engineering Department, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Gülizar, Turkey

    Gülizar Kurtoğlu Akkaya

  2. Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey

    Gökhan Polat & Yasin Ramazan Eker

  3. Science and Technology Research and Application Center (BITAM), Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey

    Gökhan Polat & Yasin Ramazan Eker

  4. Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey

    Gamze Nalçacı

Authors
  1. Gülizar Kurtoğlu Akkaya
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Gökhan Polat
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Gamze Nalçacı
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Yasin Ramazan Eker
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Gülizar Kurtoğlu Akkaya: conceptualization; methodology; investigation; data curation; writing—original draft; writing—review and editing; visualization; project administration. Gökhan Polat: conceptualization; methodology; investigation; writing—original draft; writing—review and editing, visualization. Gamze Nalçacı: methodology; investigation; writing—original draft; writing—review and editing; visualization. Yasin Ramazan Eker: conceptualization, investigation, writing—review and editing.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Gülizar Kurtoğlu Akkaya.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval

This research did not contain any studies involving animal or human participants, nor did it take place on any private or protected areas.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publish

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Responsible Editor: Guilherme L. Dotto

Publisher's note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (DOCX 121 KB)

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Akkaya, G.K., Polat, G., Nalçacı, G. et al. An economical electrocoagulation process of a hazardous anionic azo dye wastewater with the combination of recycled electrodes and solar energy. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 70331–70347 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-27375-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-27375-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation