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Viologen-functionalized magnetic material for the removal of Iodine and benzanthracene in an aqueous solution

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Abstract

The development of magnetically active adsorbents for effective iodine removal would be highly desirable to address environmental pollution and remediation. Herein, we demonstrated the synthesis of Vio@SiO2@Fe3O4 as an adsorbent via surface functionalisation of electron-deficient bipyridium (viologen) units on the surface of magnetically active silica-coated magnetite (Fe3O4) core. This adsorbent was characterised thoroughly using various analytical techniques, such as field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), thermal gravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission transmission electron microscopy (FETEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis and X-ray photon analysis (XPS). The removal of triiodide from the aqueous solution was monitored via the batch method. It revealed that the complete removal was achieved upon stirring for 70 min. The thermally stable and crystalline Vio@SiO2@Fe3O4 displayed efficient removal capacity even in the presence of other competing ions and at different pHs. The adsorption kinetics data were analysed following the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models. Further, the isotherm experiment showed that the maximum uptake capacity of iodine is 1.38 g/g. It can be regenerated and reused over multiple cycles to capture iodine. Further, Vio@SiO2@Fe3O4 displayed a good removal capacity toward toxic polyaromatic, Benzanthracene (BzA) pollutant with an uptake capacity of 2445 μg/g. This effective removal of toxic pollutants iodine/benzanthracene was attributed to the strong non-covalent electrostatic and π-π interaction with electron-deficient bipyridium units.

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Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge the Director, CSIR-CSMCRI, for continuous support and encouragement. The authors thank the Analytical and Environment Science Division and Centralized Instrument Facilities of CSIR-CSMCRI, Bhavnagar, for analytical and technical support (CSIR-CSMCRI manuscript number 190/2022).

Funding

N.A.B. thanks the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India (FBR-MLP-0053 under CSIR-4M theme and MLP-0045) for the financial support.

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  1. Analytical and Environmental Science Division and Centralized Instrument Facility, CSIR Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, 364 002, India

    Nisar Ahamed Babujohn & Amoluck Eluri

  2. Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201 002, India

    Nisar Ahamed Babujohn

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Nisar Ahamed Babujohn contributes to the conceptualization, review and editing, supervision, fund management, investigation, and writing. Amoluck Eluri involved in acquisition of experimental data and investigation.

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Babujohn, N.A., Eluri, A. Viologen-functionalized magnetic material for the removal of Iodine and benzanthracene in an aqueous solution. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 69991–70010 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-27096-w

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