Abstract
Uneven drying is the key drawback of a conventional multi-tray dryer. Therefore, an improved active solar dryer with and without integrated sensible heat storage (SHS) was proposed. A unique feature of this dryer is its movable walls from the sides of the dryer to transform it to an indirect or mixed-mode as and when necessary. Garcinia Pedunculata (GP) is a local seasonal medicinal fruit in Northeast India. Drying kinetics of GP, the dryer performance and economic analysis of dryer were evaluated in the indirect solar dryer without SHS (Exp. I), mixed-mode solar dryer without SHS (Exp. II), indirect solar dryer with SHS (Exp. III), mixed-mode solar dryer with SHS (Exp. IV), and open sun drying (OSD). The dryer’s average efficiencies were 18.12%, 22.37%, 21.74%, and 24.46% for Exp. I, Exp. II, Exp. III, and Exp. IV, respectively. The moisture content of GP was reduced to 12.09% in wet basis (w.b.) from 87.99% (w.b.). The overall drying time for Exp. I, Exp. II, OSD, Exp. III and Exp. IV were 31, 26, 53, 28, and 10 h, respectively. From the eleven drying models, the Two-Term model was the best-fitted model for Exp. I, Exp. II, OSD and Exp. III, and Midilli and Kucuk model was for Exp. IV. The final product’s fragrance and colour are better for Exp. IV. Developing this dryer for Exp. I, Exp. II, Exp. III and Exp. IV, the price required was around 25,000, 27,000, 26,000, and 28,000 INR (1 US$ = 74.57 INR), respectively, while the economic payback periods are 1.6 years, 0.9 year, 1.4 years, and 0.59 year, respectively.
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Data availability
The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Abbreviations
- \(\dot{E}\) :
-
Energy (W)
- \(\dot{H}\) :
-
Net heat transfer to system (W)
- \(\dot{W}\) :
-
Net work done by system (W)
- T :
-
Temperature (°C)
- h :
-
Enthalpy (J/kg)
- V :
-
Velocity (m/s)
- Z :
-
Height from the datum (m)
- C pa :
-
Specific heat of air (J/kgK)
- Exp.:
-
Experiment
- A :
-
Area (m2)
- SEC :
-
Specific Energy Consumption (Wh/kg)
- t dry :
-
Total drying time (h)
- Q L :
-
Latent heat of vaporization of water (J/kg)
- m w :
-
Amount of moisture evaporated (kg)
- \({m}_{i,GP}\) :
-
Initial mass of the GP (g)
- \({m}_{j,GP}\) :
-
Final mass of the GP (g)
- \({M}_{GP,t}\) :
-
Moisture content at time ‘t’ (%)
- \({M}_{GP,e}\) :
-
Moisture content at equilibrium (%)
- \({M}_{GP,i}\) :
-
Moisture content at time ‘t = 0’ (%)
- \(MR\) :
-
Moisture ratio
- \(I\) :
-
Intensity of solar radiation (W/m2)
- \(n\) :
-
Number of observations
- \(z\) :
-
Number of constants
- \(\alpha\) :
-
Absorptivity
- \(\tau\) :
-
Transmissivity
- \({\eta }_{e,SAH}\) :
-
Thermal efficiency of the SAH (%)
- \({\eta }_{e,dry}\) :
-
Overall dryer efficiency (%)
- i :
-
Inlet
- o :
-
Outlet
- m :
-
Mass
- u :
-
Useful
- c :
-
Collector
- l :
-
Loss
- ex :
-
Experimental
- pr :
-
Predicted
- α:
-
Air
- in :
-
Input
- out :
-
Output
- md :
-
Mixed-mode dryer
- sys :
-
System
- SAH :
-
Solar air heater
- avp :
-
Average predicted
- dry :
-
Dryer
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Funding
The work was funded by All India Council for Technical Education, New Delhi, India, PIN:110070 [Grant ID: File No. 8–127/RIFD/RPS-NER/Policy-1/2018- 19 Dated:14/03/2019].
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Pooja Dutta: Methodology, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing- Original draft preparation, Visualization, Data curation. Partha Pratim Dutta: Conceptualization, Supervision, Formal analysis, Writing- Reviewing and Editing. Paragmoni Kalita: Supervision, Writing- Reviewing and Editing.
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Dutta, P., Dutta, P.P. & Kalita, P. Thermal performance study of a PV-driven innovative solar dryer with and without sensible heat storage for drying of Garcinia Pedunculata. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31, 18239–18259 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-27041-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-27041-x