Abstract
The reusable magnetic multimetal nano-catalyst (Fe3O4.Cs2O) was synthesized using co-precipitation and incipient wetness impregnation methods. It was used to esterify and transesterify Madhuca indica (M. indica) oil to produce biodiesel with methanol. The prepared catalyst, caesium oxide doped on the nano-magnetite core, was characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Further, the activity of the catalyst was investigated by subjecting it to a biodiesel reaction. To maximize biodiesel conversion, studies were carried out by varying the process variables like catalyst concentration, methanol-to-oil molar ratio, reaction temperature, and reaction time. A maximum conversion of 97.4% was obtained at the holding conditions of 18:1 methanol-to-oil ratio, 7 wt% catalyst loading, 65 °C reaction temperature, and 300 min reaction time. Moreover, the catalyst recyclability study showed that it could be recycled up to 12 cycles with a conversion of 90% and above. The biodiesel’s fuel properties were analysed and found to be within the limits of ASTM D6751 standard.
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This work was funded by the Researchers Supporting Project Number (RSP-2021/267) King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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All authors contribute to the study conception and design. Data curation, formal analysis, investigation, methodology, and resources were prepared by Sivakumar Vadakku Mannam Ramasamy, Munirah Dukhi Albaqami, and Reham Ghazi Alotabi. Supervision, writing — original draft, and writing — review and editing of the manuscript were prepared by Vijayakumar Booramurthy and Sivakumar Pandian, and all authors commented on the previous version of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Ramasamy, S.V.M., Booramurthy, V., Pandian, S. et al. Synthesis and characterization of magnetic bifunctional nano-catalyst for the production of biodiesel from Madhuca indica oil. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 66912–66922 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26992-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26992-5