Abstract
Emerging evidence has shown that magnesium (Mg) was associated with type 2 diabetes while few focused on abnormal glucose metabolism during pregnancy. The study is aimed at investigating the association between longitudinal changes in plasma Mg during pregnancy and subsequent risk of gestational diabetes (GDM) and exploring the possible influence of iron supplementation on the changes of plasma Mg levels. One thousand seven hundred fifty-six pregnant women from Tongji Maternal and Child Health Cohort (TMCHC) were involved. Blood samples were collected at gestational weeks 17.0 ± 0.9 and later 26.2 ± 1.4. Plasma Mg was measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) with decline rates calculated. Information on general characteristics and iron supplementation was collected by questionnaires. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was conducted at 24–28 gestational weeks to diagnose GDM. Poisson regression with robust error variance was used to estimate relative risks (RR) of GDM. Median concentrations of plasma Mg were 0.69 mmol/L and 0.63 mmol/L respectively at two collections. The prevalence of hypomagnesemia at the first collection was 73% and associated with a 1.59 (95%CI: 1.07, 2.37) fold risk of GDM. Adjusted RRs were 1.74 (95%CI: 1.06, 2.83) and 2.44 (95%CI: 1.54, 3.85) for women with hypomagnesemia and followed more tertile (T2 and T3 vs. T1) of Mg decrement. Iron supplementation above 30 mg/day was found associated with more Mg decrement (25.5% and 27.5% in T2 and T3 vs. 19.5% in T1). In conclusion, hypomagnesemia during pregnancy is prevalent and associated with increased GDM risk, especially in women followed by more plasma Mg decrement during pregnancy. High-dose iron supplementation may involve more plasma Mg decrement.
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The datasets analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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The authors appreciate all the participants and group members in TMCHC for their valuable contribution.
Funding
The study is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC81673159), National Program on Basic Research Project of China (no. 2013FY114200), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (HUST 2019kfyXMPY008) (Nianhong Yang). Funding above had no involvement or restrictions regarding publication.
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N.Y. and X.C. designed the study. X.C., G.Z., M.W., L.L., M.T., D.X., C.Z., X.Z., Y.Z., H.Z., S.Y., and J.L. were involved in data collection. X.C., M.W., and N.Y. contributed to the statistical analysis. X.C. was in charge of the manuscript draft. M.W., L.L., X.C., X.W., S.X., X.Z., X.Y., L.H., and N.Y. contributed to result interpretation and critical revision of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final vision of the manuscript. N.Y. is the guarantor of this work and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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This is an observational study. Still, this study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Ethics Review Committee of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology in China (no. 201302).
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Cao, X., Wu, M., Zhang, G. et al. Longitudinal plasma magnesium status during pregnancy and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a prospective cohort study. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 65392–65400 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26855-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26855-z