Abstract
Metals are essential in our daily lives and have a finite supply, being simultaneously contaminants of concern. The current carbon emissions and environmental impact of mining are untenable. We need to reclaim metals sustainably from secondary resources, like waste. Biotechnology can be applied in metal recovery from waste streams like fly ashes and bottom ashes of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI). They represent substantial substance flows, with roughly 46 million tons of MSWI ashes produced annually globally, equivalent in elemental richness to low-grade ores for metal recovery. Next-generation methods for resource recovery, as in particular bioleaching, give the opportunity to recover critical materials and metals, appropriately purified for noble applications, in waste treatment chains inspired by circular economy thinking. In this critical review, we can identify three main lines of discussion: (1) MSWI material characterization and related environmental issues; (2) currently available processes for recycling and metal recovery; and (3) microbially assisted processes for potential recycling and metal recovery. Research trends are chiefly oriented to the potential exploitation of bioprocesses in the industry. Biotechnology for resource recovery shows increasing effectiveness especially downstream the production chains, i.e., in the waste management sector. Therefore, this critical discussion will help assessing the industrial potential of biotechnology for urban mining of municipal, post-combustion waste.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
(EIPPCB) European Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Bureau (2018) Best Available Techniques (BAT) Reference document on waste incineration (final draft, December 2018). Joint Research Centre, Sevilla, Spain
Acevedo F (2002) Present and future of bioleaching in developing countries. Electron J Biotechnol 5:196–199
Allegrini E, Maresca A, Olsson ME, Holtze MS, Boldrin A, Astrup TF (2014) Quantification of the resource recovery potential of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ashes. Waste Manag 34:1627–1636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2014.05.003
Aouad G, Crovisier JL, Damidot D, Stille P, Hutchens E, Mutterer J, Meyer JM, Geoffroy VA (2008) Interactions between municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash and bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Sci Total Environ 393(2–3):385–393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.01.017
Arickx S, Van Gerven T, Vandecasteele C (2006) Accelerated carbonation for treatment of MSWI bottom ash. J Hazard Mater 137(1):235–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.01.059
Astrup T, Muntoni A, Polettini A, van Gerven T, van Zomeren A (2016) Treatment and reuse of incineration bottom ash. Elsevier Inc
Baccini P, Brunner PH (2018) Metabolism of the anthroposphere: analysis, evaluation, design. In Metabolism of the Anthroposphere, MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/8720.001.0001
Baciocchi R, Costa G, Zingaretti D, Cazzotti M, Werner M, Polettini A, Pomi R, Falasca M (2010) Studio Sulle Potenzialità Della Carbonatazione Di Minerali e Residui Industriali per Lo Stoccaggio Di Anidride Carbonica Prodotta Da Impianti Di Piccola / Media Taglia. ENEA - Report Ricerca Di Sistema Elettrico
Batty JD, Rorke GV (2006) Development and commercial demonstration of the BioCOP™ thermophile process. Hydrometallurgy 83(1–4):83–89
Bayuseno AP, Schmahl WW (2010) Understanding the chemical and mineralogical properties of the inorganic portion of MSWI bottom ash. Waste Manag 30(8–9):1509–1520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2010.03.010
Becci A., Amato A., Fonti V., and Beolchini F. 2020. An innovative biotechnology for metal recovery from printed circuit boards. Resources, Conservation & Recycling, 153, November 2019, 2020
Benassi L, Pasquali M, Zanoletti A, Dalipi R, Borgese L, Depero LE, Vassura I, Quina MJ, Bontempi E (2016) Chemical stabilization of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash without any commercial chemicals: first pilot-plant scaling up. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 4(10):5561–5569. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b01294
Bertolini L, Carsana M, Cassago D, Quadrio CA, Collepardi M (2004) MSWI ashes as mineral additions in concrete. Cem Concr Res 34(10):1899–1906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.02.001
Bhagat C, Dudhagara P, Tank S (2018) Trends, application and future prospectives of microbial carbonic anhydrase mediated carbonation process for CCUS. J Appl Microbiol 124(2):316–335. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.13589
Biganzoli L, Grosso M (2013) Aluminium recovery from waste incineration bottom ash, and its oxidation level. Waste Manag Res 31(9):954–959. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X13493956
Bipp HP, Wunsch P, Fischer K, Bieniek D, Kettrup A (1998) Heavy metal leaching of fly ash from waste incineration with gluconic acid and molasses hydrolysate. Chemosphere 36:2523–2533
Bluhm H, Frey W, Giese H, Hoppé P, Schultheiß C, Sträßner R (2000) Application of pulsed HV discharges to material fragmentation and recycling. IEEE Trans Dielectr Electr Insul 7:625–636. https://doi.org/10.1109/94.879358
Bogush A, Stegemann JA, Wood I, Roy A (2015) Element composition and mineralogical characterisation of air pollution control residue from UK energy-from-waste facilities. Waste Manag 36:119–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2014.11.017
Böni D, Morf L (2018) Thermo-recycling: efficient recovery of valuable materials from dry bottom ash. In Removal, Treatment and Utilisation of Waste Incineration Bottom Ash, Holm O, Thomé-Kozmiensky E (eds). Thomé-Kozmiensky Verlag GmbH: Neuruppin, pp 25–37
Born JP (2018) Mining incinerator bottom ash for heavy non-ferrous metals and precious metal. In: Holm O, Thome-Kozmiensky E (eds) Removal, treatment and utilisation of waste incineration bottom ash. TK Verlag, Neuruppin, pp 11–24
Bosecker K (1997) Bioleaching: Metal Solubilization by Microorganisms. FEMS Microbiol Rev 20:591–604. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.1997.tb00340.x
Bosshard PP, Bachofen R, Brandl H (1996) Metal leaching of fly ash from municipal waste incineration by Aspergillus niger. Environ Sci Technol 30:3066–3070
Brännvall E, Kumpiene J (2016) Fly ash in landfill top covers – a review. Environ Sci: Processes Impacts 18(1):11–21. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5em00419e
Brierley CL, Brierley JA (2013) Progress in bioleaching: part B: applications of microbial processes by the minerals industries. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 97:7543–7552. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-013-5095-3
Brombacher C, Bachofen R, Brandl H (1998) Development of a laboratory-scale leaching plant for metal extraction from fly ash by Thiobacillus strains. Appl Environ Microbiol 64(4):1237–1241
Bühler, A., Schlumberger, S., 2010. Schwermetalle aus der Flugasche zurückgewinnen: Saure Flugaschenwäsche – FLUWA Verfahren, ein zukunftsweisendes Verfahren in der Abfallverbrennung (Recovering heavy metals from fly ash: acidic fly ash scrubbing ’FLUWA’, a trendsetting procedure in waste incineration). KVARückstände in der Schweiz – Der Rohstoff mit Mehrwert (MSWI Residues in Switzerland – A Resource with Added Value). Swiss Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN), Bern.
Bunge R (2018) Recovery of metals from waste incineration bottom ash. In: Holm O, Thome-Kozmiensky E (eds) Removal, treatment and utilisation of waste incineration bottom ash. TK Verlag, Neuruppin, pp 63–143
Chandler AJ, Eighmy TT, Hartlén J, Hjelmar O, Kosson DS, Sawell SE, van der Sloot HA, Vehlow J (1997) Municipal solid waste incinerator residues. Edited by The Internationl Ash Working Group, vol 67. The Internationl Ash Working Group, Elsev, Netherlands Studies in Environmental Science
Chang CY, Wang CF, Mui DT, Chiang HL (2009) Application of methods (sequential extraction procedures and high-pressure digestion method) to fly ash particles to determine the element constituents: a case study for BCR 176. J Hazard Mater 163:578–587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.07.039
Chen Z, Lu S, Mao Q, Buekens A, Chang W, Wang X, Yan J (2016) Suppressing heavy metal leaching through ball milling of fly ash. Energies 9(7):524. https://doi.org/10.3390/en9070524
Chimenos JM, Fernàndez AI, Miralles L, Segarra M, Espiell F (2003) Short-term natural weathering of MSWI bottom ash as a function of particle size. Waste Manag 23(10):887–895. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0956-053X(03)00074-6
Chou JD, Wey MY, Chang SH (2009) Evaluation of the distribution patterns of Pb, Cu and Cd from MSWI fly ash during thermal treatment by sequential extraction procedure. J Hazard Mater 162:1000–1006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.05.155
Clavier KA, Paris JM, Ferraro CC, Bueno ET, Tibbetts CM, Townsend TG (2021) Washed waste incineration bottom ash as a raw ingredient in cement production: implications for lab-scale clinker behavior. Resources, Conservation & Recycling 169:105513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105513
Cornelis G, Van Gerven T, Vandecasteele C (2012) Antimony leaching from MSWI bottom ash: modelling of the effect of PH and carbonation. Waste Manag 32(2):278–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2011.09.018
Costa G, Baciocchi R, Polettini A, Pomi R, Hills CD, Carey PJ (2007) Current status and perspectives of accelerated carbonation processes on municipal waste combustion residues. Environ Monit Assess 135(1–3):55–75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-007-9704-4
De Boom A, Degrez M (2012) Belgian MSWI fly ashes and APC residues: a characterisation study. Waste Manag 32(6):1163–1170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2011.12.017
Dziurla M-A, Achouak W, Lam B-T, Heulin T, Berthelin J (1998) Enzyme-linked immunofiltration assay to estimate attachment of Thiobacilli to pyrite. Appl Environ Microbiol 64(8):2937–2942
Eighmy TT, Dykstra J, Eusden J, Krzanowski E, Domingo DS, Staempfli D, Martin JR, Erickson PM (1995) Comprehensive approach toward understanding element speciation and leaching behavior in municipal solid waste incineration electrostatic precipitator ash. Environ Sci Technol 29(3):629–646. https://doi.org/10.1021/es00003a010
Eurostat, 2019. Statistics explained retrieved at https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=File:Municipal_waste_landfilled,_incinerated,_recycled_and_composted,_EU-27,_1995-2019.png
Eusden JD, Eighmy TT, Hockert K, Holland E, Marsella K (1999) Petrogenesis of municipal solid waste combustion bottom ash. Appl Geochem 14(8):1073–1091. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(99)00005-0
Fan C, Wang B, Qi Y, Liu Z (2021) Characteristics and leaching behavior of MSWI fly ash in novel solidification/stabilization binders. Waste Manag 131:277–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2021.06.011
Fellner J., Lederer J., Purgar A., Winterstetter A., Rechberger H., Winter F., and Laner D. 2015. Evaluation of resource recovery from waste incineration residues--the case of zinc. Waste Manag 37: 95–103. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2014.10.010.
Fletcher M, Savage DC (2013) Bacterial adhesion: mechanisms and physiological significance. Springer Science & Business Media
Fruergaard T, Hyks J, Astrup T (2010) Life-cycle assessment of selected management options for air pollution control residues from waste incineration. Sci Total Environ 408(20):4672–4680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.05.029
Funari V, Bokhari SHN, Vigliotti L, Meisel TC, Braga R (2016a) The rare earth elements in municipal solid waste incinerators ash and promising tools for their prospecting. J Hazard Mater 301:471–479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.09.015
Funari V, Braga R, Bokhari SNH, Dinelli E, Meisel TC (2015) Solid residues from Italian municipal solid waste incinerators: a source for ‘“critical”’ raw materials. Waste Manag 45:206–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2014.11.005
Funari V, Mäkinen J, Salminen J, Braga R, Dinelli E, Revitzer H (2017) Metal removal from municipal solid waste incineration fly ash: a comparison between chemical leaching and bioleaching. Waste Manag 60:397–406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.07.025
Funari V, Mantovani L, Vigliotti L, Dinelli E, Tribaudino M (2020) Understanding room-temperature magnetic properties of anthropogenic ashes from municipal solid waste incineration to assess potential impacts and resources. J Clean Prod 262:121209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121209
Funari V, Mantovani L, Vigliotti L, Tribaudino M, Dinelli E, Braga R (2018) Superparamagnetic iron oxides nanoparticles from municipal solid waste incinerators. Sci Total Environ 621:687–696. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.289
Funari V, Meisel TC, Braga R (2016b) The potential impact of municipal solid waste incinerators ashes on the anthropogenic osmium budget. Sci Total Environ 541:1549–1555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.10.014
Funatsuki A, Takaoka M, Oshita K, Takeda N (2012) Methods of determining lead speciation in fly ash by X-ray absorption fine-structure spectroscopy and a sequential extraction procedure. Anal Sci 28:481–490
Gahan CS, Srichandan H, Kim DJ, Akcil A (2013) Bio-hydrometallurgy and its applications: a review. In: Thatoi HN (ed) Advances in biotechnology. Indian Publisher, New Delhi. India, pp 71–100
Gehrke T, Telegdi J, Thierry D, Sand W (1998) Importance of extracellular polymeric substances from Thiobacillus ferrooxidans for bioleaching. Appl Environ Microbiol 64(7):2743–2747
Gericke M, Neale JW, van Staden PJ (2009) A Mintek perspective of the past 25 years in minerals bioleaching. J South Afr Inst Min Metall 109:567–585
Gomes HI, Funari V, Ferrari R (2020a) Bioleaching for resource recovery from low-grade wastes like fly and bottom ashes from municipal incinerators: a SWOT analysis. Sci Total Environ 715:136945. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136945
Gomes HI, Funari V, Dinelli E, Soavi F (2020b) Enhanced electrodialytic bioleaching of fly ashes of municipal solid waste incineration for metal recovery. Electrochim Acta 345:136188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136188
Gonzalez I, Vazquez MA, Romero-Baena AJ, Barba-Brioso C, González I, Vázquez MA (2017) Stabilization of fly ash using cementing bacteria. Assessment of cementation and trace element mobilization. J Hazard Mater 321:316–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.09.018
Grosso M, Biganzoli L, Rigamonti L (2011) A quantitative estimate of potential aluminium recovery from incineration bottom ashes. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 55(12):1178–1184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2011.08.001
Gu T, Rastegar SO, Mousavi SM, Li M, Zhou M (2018) Advances in bioleaching for recovery of metals and bioremediation of fuel ash and sewage sludge. Bioresour Technol 221:428–440
Guimaraes AL, Okuda T, Nishijima W, Okada M (2006) Organic carbon leaching behavior from incinerator bottom ash. J Hazard Mater 137:1096–1101
Hennebel T, Boon N, Maes S, Lenz M (2015) Biotechnologies for critical raw material recovery from primary and secondary sources: R&D priorities and future perspectives. N Biotechnol 32(1):121–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbt.2013.08.004
Holm O, Simon FG (2017) Innovative treatment trains of bottom ash (BA) from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) in Germany. Waste Manag 59:229–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.09.004
Hong KJ, Tokunaga S, Ishigami Y, Kajiuchi T (2000) Extraction of heavy metals from MSW incinerator fly ash using saponins. Chemosphere 41:345–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00489-0
Huang SJ, Chang CY, Mui DT, Chang FC, Lee MY, Wang CF (2007) Sequential extraction for evaluating the leaching behavior of selected elements in municipal solid waste incineration fly ash. J Hazard Mater 149:180–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.03.067
Huber F, Blasenbauer D, Aschenbrenner P, Fellner J (2019) Chemical composition and leachability of differently sized material fractions of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash. Waste Manag 95:593–603. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.06.047
Hyks J, Hjelmar O (2018) Utilisation of incineration bottom ash (IBA) from waste incineration – prospects and limits. In: Holm O, Thomé-Kozmiensky E (eds) Removal, treatment and utilisation of waste incineration bottom ash. Thomé- Kozmiensky Verlag GmbH, Neuruppin, pp 11–23
Ilyas S, Anwar MA, Niazi SB, Ghauri MA (2007) Bioleaching of metals from electronic scrap by moderately thermophilic acidophilic bacteria. Hydrometallurgy 88(1–4):180–188
Inkaew K, Saffarzadeh A, Shimaoka T (2016) Modeling the formation of the quench product in municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash. Waste Manag 52:159–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.03.019
Ishigaki T, Nakanishi A, Tateda M, Ike M, Fujita M (2005) Bioleaching of metal from municipal waste incineration fly ash using a mixed culture of sulfur-oxidizing and iron-oxidizing bacteria. Chemosphere 60(8):1087–1094. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.12.060
Izquierdo M, Lòpez-Soler A, Ramonich EV, Barra M, Querol X (2002) Characterisation of bottom ash from municipal solid waste incineration in Catalonia. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 77:576–583
Jerez CA (2008) The use of genomics, proteomics and other OMICS technologies for the global understanding of biomining microorganisms. Hydrometallurgy 94(1–4):162–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2008.05.032
Kaksonen AH, Morris C, Rea S, Li J, Usher KM, McDonald RG, Hilario F, Hosken T, Jackson M, du Plessis CA (2014) Biohydrometallurgical iron oxidation and precipitation: part II — jarosite precipitate characterisation and acid recovery by conversion to hematite. Hydrometallurgy 147–148:264–272
Kalmykova Y, Fedje KK, Fedje KK (2013) Phosphorus recovery from municipal solid waste incineration fly ash. Waste Manag 33(6):1403–1410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2013.01.040
Kaza S, Yao LC, Perinaz BT, Van Woerden F (2018) What a Waste 2.0: a global snapshot of solid waste management to 2050. Urban Development. World Bank, Washington, DC https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/30317
Kirby CS, Rimstidt JD (1993) Mineralogy and surface properties of municipal solid waste ash. Environ Sci Technol 27(1):652–660
Krebs W, Bachofen R, Brandl H (2001) Growth stimulation of sulfur oxidizing bacteria for optimization of metal leaching efficiency of fly ash from municipal solid waste incineration. Hydrometallurgy 59:283–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-386X(00)00174-2
Kuboňová L, Langová Š, Nowak B, Winter F (2013) Thermal and hydrometallurgical recovery methods of heavy metals from municipal solid waste fly ash. Waste Manag 33(11):2322–2327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2013.05.022
Lacey DT, Lawson F (1970) Kinetics of the liquid-phase oxidation of acid ferrous sulfate by the bacterium Thiobacillus ferrooxidens. Biotechnol Bioeng 12:29–50
Lam CHK, Ip AWM, Barford JP, McKay G (2010) Use of incineration MSW ash: a review. Sustainability 2(7):1943–1968. https://doi.org/10.3390/su2071943
Lederer J, Trinkel V, Fellner J (2017) Wide-scale utilization of MSWI fly ashes in cement production and its impact on average heavy metal contents in cements: the case of Austria. Waste Manag 60:247–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.10.022
Lee JC, Pandey BD (2012) Bio-processing of solid wastes and secondary resources for metal extraction - a review. Waste Manag 32(1):3–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2011.08.010
Li X, Bertos MF, Hills CD, Carey PJ, Simon S (2007) Accelerated carbonation of municipal solid waste incineration fly ashes. Waste Manag 27(9):1200–1206.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2006.06.011
Liu Y., Zheng L., Li X., and Xie S. 2009. SEM/EDS and XRD characterization of raw and washed MSWI fly ash sintered at different temperatures. J Hazard Mater, 162(1), 161–173. doi:http://dx.doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.05.029
Magiera T, Jabłońska M, Strzyszcz Z, Rachwal M (2011) Morphological and mineralogical forms of technogenic magnetic particles in industrial dusts. Atmos Environ 45(25):4281–4290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.04.076
Mäkinen J, Salo M, Soini J, Kinnunen P (2019) Laboratory scale investigations on heap (bio)leaching of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash. Minerals 9:290
Maldonado-Alameda A, Manosa J, Giro-Paloma J, Formosa J, Chimenos JM (2021) Alkali-activated binders using bottom ash from waste-to-energy plants and aluminium recycling waste. Applied Sciences 11(9):3840. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11093840
Mantovani L, Tribaudino M, De Matteis C, Funari V (2021) Particle size and potential toxic element speciation in municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash. Sustainability 13(4):1911. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13041911
Matjie RH, Bunt JR, Heerden JHPV (2005) Extraction of alumina from coal fly ash generated from a selected low rank bituminous South African coal. Miner Eng 18(3):299–310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2004.06.013
Mayes WM, Riley AL, Gomes HI, Brabham P, Hamlyn J, Pullin H, Renforth P (2018) Atmospheric CO2 sequestration in iron and steel slag: Consett, Co. Durham, UK. Environ Sci Technol 52:7892–7900. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b01883
Meawad AS, Bojinova DY, Pelovski YG (2010) An overview of metals recovery from thermal power plant solid wastes. Waste Manag 30(12):2548–2559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2010.07.010
Mercier G, Chartier M, Couillard D, Blais J-F (1999) Decontamination of fly ash and used lime from municipal waste incinerator using Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. Environ Manag 24(4):517–528
Moore P (2008) Scaling fresh heights in heap-leach technology. Mining Magazine 198:54–66
Morf LS, Gloor R, Haag O, Haupt M, Skutan S, Di Lorenzo F, Böni D (2013) Precious metals and rare earth elements in municipal solid waste--sources and fate in a Swiss incineration plant. Waste Manag 33(3):634–644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2012.09.010
Moriwaki H, Yamamoto H (2013) Interactions of microorganisms with rare earth ions and their utilization for separation and environmental technology. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 97:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-012-4519-9
Muchova L, Bakker E, Rem P (2009) Precious metals in municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash. Wat Air and Soil Poll 9:107–116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11267-008-9191-9
Nagib S, Inoue K (2000) Recovery of lead and zinc from fly ash generated from municipal incineration plants by means of acid and/or alkaline leaching. Hydrometallurgy 56:269–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-386X(00)00073-6
Nayak N, Panda CR (2010) Aluminium extraction and leaching characteristics of Talcher Thermal Power Station fly ash with sulphuric acid. Fuel 89(1):53–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2009.07.019
Niu J, Deng J, Xiao Y, He Z, Zhang X, Van Nostrand JD, Liang Y, Deng Y, Liu X, Yin H (2016) The shift of microbial communities and their roles in sulfur and iron cycling in a copper ore bioleaching system. Sci Rep 6:34744. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep34744
Nørgaard KP, Hyks J, Mulvad JK, Frederiksen JO, Hjelmar O (2019) Optimizing large-scale ageing of municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash prior to the ad- vanced metal recovery: phase I: monitoring of temperature, moisture content, and CO2 level. Waste Manag 85:95–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.12.019
Panda S (2020) Magnetic separation of ferrous fractions linked to improved bioleaching of metals from waste-to-energy incinerator bottom ash (IBA): a green approach. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27(9):9475–9489
Parés VR, Pernille EJ, Ottosen LM (2017) Electrodialytic remediation of municipal solid waste incineration residues using different membranes. Chemosphere 169:62–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.11.047
Pedersen AJ, Ottosen LM, Villumsen A (2005) Electrodialytic removal of heavy metals from municipal solid waste incineration fly ash using ammonium citrate as assisting agent. J Hazard Mater 122(1–2):103–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.03.019
Piervandi Z, Darban AK, Mousavi SM, Abdollahy M, Asadollahfardi G, Funari V, Dinelli E, Webster RD, Sillanpää M (2020) Effect of biogenic jarosite on the bio-immobilization of toxic elements from sulfide tailings. Chemosphere 258:127288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127288
Quina MJ, Bontempi E, Bogush A, Schlumberger S, Weibel G, Braga R, Funari V, Hyks J, Rasmussen E, Lederer J (2018) Technologies for the management of MSW incineration ashes from gas cleaning: new perspectives on recovery of secondary raw materials and circular economy. Sci Total Environ. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.150
Quina MJ, Bordado JCM, Quinta-Ferreira RM (2008) Treatment and use of air pollution control residues from MSW incineration: an overview. Waste Manag 28:2097–2121
Ramanathan T, Ting YP (2016) Alkaline bioleaching of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash by autochthonous extremophiles. Chemosphere 160:54–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.06.055
Rawlings DE (2002) Heavy metal mining using microbes. Annu Rev Microbiol 56(1):65–91. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.micro.56.012302.161052
Rawlings DE, Dew D, du Plessis C (2003) Biomineralization of metal-containing ores and concentrates. Trends Biotechnol 21:38–44
Rawlings DE (2004) Microbially assisted dissolution of minerals and its use in the mining industry. Pure Appl Chem 76:847–859
Richardson SD, Kimura SY (2017) Emerging environmental contaminants: challenges facing our next generation and potential engineering solutions. Environ Technol Innov 8:40–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2017.04.002
Sabbas T, Polettini A, Pomi R, Astrup T, Hjelmar O, Mostbauer P, Cappai G (2003) Management of municipal solid waste incineration residues. Waste Manag 23(1):61–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0956-053X(02)00161-7
Saikia N, Mertens G, Van Balen K, Elsen J, Van Gerven T, Vandecasteele C (2015) Pre-treatment of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash for utilisation in cement mortar. Construct Build Mater 96:76–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.07.185
Sand W, Gehrke T, Hallmann R, Schippers A (1995) Sulfur chemistry, biofilm, and the (in)direct attack mechanism—a critical evaluation of bacterial leaching. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 43:961–966
Sand W, Gehrke T, Jozsa P-G, Schippers A (2001) (Bio)chemistry of bacterial leaching—direct vs. indirect bioleaching. Hydrometallurgy 59:159–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-386X(00)00180-8
Seifert S, Thome V, Karlstetter C, Maier M (2013) Elektrodynamische Fragmentierung von MVA-Schlacken – Zerlegung der Schlacken und Abscheidung von Chloriden und Sulfaten. In: Thomé-Kozmiensky KJ (ed) Asche-Schlacke-Stäube Aus Metallurgie Und Abfallverbrennung. TK Verlag Karl Thomé-Kozmiensky, pp 353–366
Smith YR, Nagel JR, Rajamani RK (2019) Eddy current separation for recovery of non-ferrous metallic particles: a comprehensive review. Miner Eng 133:149–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2018.12.025
Speiser C, Baumann T, Niessner R (2000) Morphological and chemical characterization of calcium-hydrate phases formed in alteration processes of deposited municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash. Environ Sci Technol 34:5030–5037. https://doi.org/10.1021/es990739c
Srichandan H, Mohapatra RK, Parhi PK, Mishra S (2019) Bioleaching approach for extraction of metal values from secondary solid wastes: a critical review. Hydrometallurgy 189:105122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2019.105122
Steemson, M.L., Sheehan, G.J., Winborne, D.A. and Wong, F.S. (1994). An integrated bioleach/solvent extraction process for zinc metal production form zinc concentrates. PCT World Patent, WO 94/28184.
Stockinger G (2018) Direct wet treatment of fresh, wet removed IBA from waste incinerator. In: Holm O, Thomé-Kozmiensky E (eds) Removal, treatment and utilisation of waste incineration bottom ash. TK Verlag, Neuruppin, pp 47–52
Sun M, Sun W, Barlaz MA (2016) A batch assay to measure microbial hydrogen sulfide production from sulfur-containing solid wastes. Sci Total Environ 551–552:23–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.161
Sun Z, Cui H, An H, Tao D, Xu Y, Zhai J, Li Q (2013) Synthesis and thermal behavior of geopolymer-type material from waste ceramic. Construct Build Mater 49:281–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.08.063
Suzuki I (2001) Microbial leaching of metals from sulfide minerals. Biotechnol Adv 19:119–132
Šyc M, Simon FG, Hykš J, Braga R, Biganzoli L, Costa G, Funari V, Grosso M (2020) Metal recovery from incineration bottom ash: state-of-the-art and recent developments. J Hazard Mater 393:122433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122433
Turner A, Filella M (2017) Bromine in plastic consumer products - evidence for the widespread recycling of electronic waste. Sci Total Environ 601–602:374–379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.173
Van Herck P, Vandecasteele C (2001) Evaluation of the use of a sequential extraction procedure for the characterization and treatment of metal containing solid waste. Waste Manag 21(8):685–694. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0956-053X(01)00011-3
Van Herck P, Van der Bruggen B, Vogels G, Vandecasteele C (2000) Application of computer modelling to predict the leaching behaviour of heavy metals from MSWI fly ash and comparison with a sequential extraction method. Waste Manag 20:203–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0956-053X(99)00321-9
Vera M, Schippers A, Sand W (2013) Progress in bioleaching: fundamentals and mechanisms of bacterial metal sulfide oxidation—Part A. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-013-4954-2
Vyas S, Ting Y-P (2020) Microbial leaching of heavy metals using Escherichia coli and evaluation of bioleaching mechanism. Bioresource Technology Reports 9:100368
Wan X, Wang W, Ye T, Guo Y, Gao X (2006) A study on the chemical and mineralogical characterization of MSWI fly ash using a sequential extraction procedure. J Hazard Mater 134(1–3):197–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.10.048
Wang L, Jin Y, Nie Y (2010) Investigation of accelerated and natural carbonation of MSWI fly ash with a high content of Ca. J Hazard Mater 174(1–3):334–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.09.055
Wang Q, Yang J, Wang Q, Wu T (2009) Effects of water-washing pretreatment on bioleaching of heavy metals from municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash. J Hazard Mater 162:812–818. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.05.125
Wang X, Cao A, Zhao G, Zhou C, Xu R (2017) Microbial community structure and diversity in a municipal solid waste landfill. Waste Manag 66:79–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.04.023
Wong G, Gan M, Fan X, Ji Z, Chen X, Wang Z (2021) Co-disposal of municipal waste incineration fly ash and bottom slag: a novel method of low temperature melting treatment. J Hazard Mater 408:124438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124438
Xiaomin D, Ren F, Nguyen MQ, Ahamed A, Yin K, Chan WP, Chang VWC (2017) Review of MSWI bottom ash utilization from perspectives of collective characterization, treatment and existing application. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 79:24–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.044
Xu T-J, Ting Y-P (2009) Fungal bioleaching of incineration fly ash: metal extraction and modeling growth kinetics. Enzyme Microb Technol 44(5):323–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enzmictec.2009.01.006
Xu T-J, Ramanathan T, Ting Y-P (2014) Bioleaching of incineration fly ash by Aspergillus niger – precipitation of metallic salt crystals and morphological alteration of the fungus. Biotechnology Reports 3:8–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.btre.2014.05.009
Yang J, Wang QQ, Wu T (2009a) Heavy metals extraction from municipal solid waste incineration fly ash using adapted metal tolerant Aspergillus niger. Bioresour Technol 100(1):254–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2008.05.026
Yang J, Wang Q, Luo Q, Wang Q, Wu T (2009b) Biosorption behavior of heavy metals in bioleaching process of MSWI fly ash by Aspergillus niger. Biochem Eng J 46(3):294–299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2009.05.022
Yin Z, Feng S, Tong Y, Yang H (2019) Adaptive mechanism of Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans CCTCC M 2012104 under stress during bioleaching of low-grade chalcopyrite based on physiological and comparative transcriptomic analysis. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 46:1643–1656. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10295-019-02224-z
Zhao L, Zhang FS, Zhang J (2008) Chemical properties of rare elemets in typical medical waste incinerator ashes in China. J Hazard Mater 158:465–470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.01.091
Availability of data and materials
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, V.F., upon reasonable request.
Funding
This work was supported by Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca (PRIN 2017 2017L83S77_005 “Mineral reactivity, a key to under- stand large-scale processes: from rock forming environments to solid waste recovering/lithification”) and Fondazione CON IL SUD (support through MATCHER project, 2018-PDR-01165). V.F. also acknowledges the financial support from PNRR MUR project ECS_00000033_ECOSISTER.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Conceptualization: Valerio Funari; Methodology: Valerio Funari, Helena I. Gomes, Rafael Santos; writing — original draft preparation: Valerio Funari; writing — review and editing: Valerio Funari, Helena I. Gomes, Simone Toller, Laura Vitale; supervision: Valerio Funari, Helena I. Gomes, Rafael Santos.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethical approval
Not applicable
Consent to participate
Not applicable
Consent for publication
Not applicable
Competing Interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: George Z. Kyzas
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Funari, V., Toller, S., Vitale, L. et al. Urban mining of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) residues with emphasis on bioleaching technologies: a critical review. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 59128–59150 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26790-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26790-z