Abstract
Urbanization, particularly in peri-urban areas, often results in critically transforming the regional land use and land cover (LULC). The increased built-up in peri-urban areas affects the regional accessibility of residents of urban clusters to requisite amenities and severely affects the regional environment, as observed in the case of Jammu district situated in the foothills of the Indian Himalayas. The present study is aimed at assessing the rise of urban sprawls in Jammu district over the past two decades and how the urbanization has affected the lag in the number of amenities corresponding to the urban growth based on qualitative parameters. Further, a parameterization scheme is developed to assess the amenities quality. A comparison is made with Indore, a planned smart city, to assess the status of urbanization and residential quality based on an amenity index. The study also investigates the indifferences observed in some of the climate variables in the urban and sub-urban settings of the Jammu district. The investigation is conducted through a multi-ring buffer analysis approach utilizing the land use land cover (LULC) products based on Landsat 8/7 satellite imagery of 2002, 2013, and 2021. The indifferences in the settings are analyzed using MODIS aerosol optical depth (AOD) and land surface temperature (LST) products. The analysis leads to determination of critical urban parameters including the urban area, density, and growth rate, revealing significant urbanization at 25–27 km from the city center. Significant indifferences are observed in urban and sub-urban areas indicating higher rise in LST and AOD, particularly in the recent decade. These investigations provide critical information to urban and climate solution authorities for planning and management, particularly in critically endangered areas.
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Data availability
The Landsat datasets used in this study are freely available from the USGS portal https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/ and the amenities database can be accessed through the Google Earth platform at https://earth.google.com/.
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We would like to thank the USGS for providing access to the Landsat imagery. We also thank Google for the amenities database.
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DV and HS conceptualized the design and analysis of the study. DV, HS, and APS ran the LULC and MBRA experiments. APS collected the data. DV and HS prepared and analyzed the results. DV and APS prepared the initial draft of the manuscript. DV prepared the final manuscript, did the editing and writing. DV, HS, and SA commented on the previous versions of the manuscript. All authors approved the final manuscript.
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Varade, D., Singh, H., Singh, A.P. et al. Assessment of urban sprawls, amenities, and indifferences of LST and AOD in sub-urban area: a case study of Jammu. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 107179–107198 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26481-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26481-9