Abstract
The electrical and electronic waste is expected to increase up to 74.7 million metric tons by 2030 due to the unparalleled replacement rate of electronic devices, depleting the conventional sources of valuable metals such as rare earth elements, platinum group metals, Co, Sb, Mo, Li, Ni, Cu, Ag, Sn, Au, and Cr. Most of the current techniques for recycling, recovering, and disposing of e-waste are inappropriate and therefore contaminate the land, air, and water due to the release of hazardous compounds into the environment. Hydrometallurgy and pyrometallurgy are two such conventional methods used extensively for metal recovery from waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). However, environmental repercussions and higher energy requirements are the key drawbacks that prevent their widespread application. Thus, to ensure the environment and elemental sustainability, novel processes and technologies must be developed for e-waste management with enhanced recovery and reuse of the valued elements. Therefore, the goal of the current work is to examine the batch and continuous processes of metal extraction from e-waste. In addition to the conventional devices, microfluidic devices have been also analyzed for microflow metal extraction. In microfluidic devices, it has been observed that the large specific surface area and short diffusion distance of microfluidic devices are advantageous for the efficient extraction of metals. Additionally, cutting-edge technologies have been proposed to enhance the recovery, reusability, and recycling of e-waste. The current study may support decision-making by researchers in deciding the direction of future research and moving toward sustainable development.
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Abbreviations
- EEE :
-
electrical and electronic equipment
- WEEE :
-
waste electrical and electronic equipment
- PI :
-
process intensification
- PCBs :
-
printed circuit boards
- CPCBs :
-
computer printed circuit boards
- REE :
-
rare earth elements
- PGMs :
-
platinum group metals
- SIM :
-
subscriber identification module
- WMMs :
-
waste memory modules
- PV :
-
photovoltaic
- PC :
-
Pseudomonas chlororaphis
- CFI :
-
coiled flow inverter
- D c :
-
coil/curvature diameter
- P t :
-
tube pitch
- d t :
-
tube diameter
- E:
-
extraction rate
- MDEPHA :
-
di-2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid and mono-2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid
- AD-100 :
-
2-hydroxy-5-nonylbenzaldehyde oxime
- P507 :
-
2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid-2-ethylhexyl ester
- Re M :
-
Reynolds number of the two immiscible liquids
- TBP :
-
tri-n-butyl phosphate
- D2EHPA :
-
di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid
- J :
-
mass transfer rate
- CPMO :
-
N-octyl(phenyl)-N,N-diisobutyl carbamoylmethyl phosphine oxide
- [C 4 mim] [NTf 2]:
-
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis{(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl} amide
- [C 10 mim] [NTf 2 ] :
-
1-decyl-3-methylimidazolium bis{(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl} amide
- [P 6 6 6 14 ] [NTf 2 ] :
-
trihexyltetradecylphosphonium bis{(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl} amide
- τ :
-
residence time
- Θ :
-
unmixedness coefficient
- k L a :
-
volumetric liquid mass transfer coefficient
- β :
-
separation factor
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Funding
This research is a product of the Project titled “Continuous and Sustainable Extraction of Critical Metals from E-Waste”, funded by the Seed Money/Research Grant as per the letter number Dean (R&C)/Seed Money/2020-21/1483, dated 08.12.2020.
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Both the authors have equally contributed in this review article. Dr. Jogender Singh had the idea for the article. Ms. Aaliya Javed performed the literature search and data analysis. The manuscript is written by both the authors in parts and finally revised critically by Dr. Jogender Singh.
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Javed, A., Singh, J. Process intensification for sustainable extraction of metals from e-waste: challenges and opportunities. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31, 9886–9919 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26433-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26433-3