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Bio-efficacy of insecticidal molecule emodin against dengue, filariasis, and malaria vectors

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Abstract

Emodin, a compound isolated from Aspergillus terreus, was studied using chromatographic and spectroscopic methods and compound purity (96%) was assessed by TLC. Furthermore, high larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti-AeA (LC50 6.156 and LC90 12.450 mg/L), Culex quinquefasciatus-CuQ (8.216 and 14.816 mg/L), and Anopheles stephensi-AnS larvae (6.895 and 15.24 mg/L) was recorded. The first isolated fraction (emodin) showed higher pupicidal activity against AeA (15.449 and 20.752 mg/L). Most emodin-treated larvae (ETL) showed variations in acetylcholine esterase, α and β-carboxylesterases, and phosphatase activities in the 4th instar, indicating the intrinsic differences in their biochemical changes. ETL had numerous altered tissues, including muscle, gastric caeca, hindgut, midgut, nerve ganglia, and midgut epithelium. Acute toxicity of emodin on brine shrimp Artemia nauplii (54.0 and 84.5 mg/L) and the zebrafish Danio rerio (less toxicity observed) was recorded. In docking studies, Emodin interacted well with odorant-binding-proteins of AeA, AnS, and CuQ with docking scores of − 8.89, − 6.53, and − 8.09 kcal mol−1, respectively. Therefore, A. terreus is likely to be effective against mosquito larvicides.

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Data availability

During the present research entities, the datasets gathered and generated from the analysis after extraction/separation/isolation of compound emodin and evaluated biological results are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

The first author expresses his heartfelt gratitude to the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Government of India, New Delhi, for awarding a CSIR-SRF (Direct) Fellowship (Award Ref. Lr.09/810 (0024)/2016-EMR-I dated 30/03/2017). We would also like to appreciate the DST-FIST [SR/FIST/LSI-673/2016] programme for its assistance of the Biotechnology Department at Periyar University in order to improve the instrumental facility. We would like to thank the Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Periyar University for providing the laboratory facilities required to complete this study successfully. This research work was partially supported by Chiang Mai University, Thailand.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Natural Drug Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India

    Ragavendran Chinnasamy & Natarajan Devarajan

  2. Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India

    Ragavendran Chinnasamy

  3. Department of Research & Innovation, Saveetha School of Engineering (SSE), Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam, Chennai Tamil Nadu, India

    Balasubramani Govindasamy

  4. University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA

    Manigandan Venkatesh

  5. Department of Physics, Centre for Research and Development, KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

    Sivanandam Magudeeswaran

  6. Molecular and Stress Physiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India

    Arulbalachandran Dhanarajan

  7. Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9518, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands

    Peijnenburg Willie

  8. Center for Safety of Substances and Products, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, Bilthoven, The Netherlands

    Peijnenburg Willie

  9. Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand

    Vivekanandhan Perumal & Patcharin Krutmuang

  10. Department of Physiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, 77, Tamil Nadu, India

    Vivekanandhan Perumal

  11. Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand

    Supamit Mekchay

  12. Innovative Agriculture Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand

    Supamit Mekchay & Patcharin Krutmuang

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  1. Ragavendran Chinnasamy
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Contributions

The general design and planning of the experiment, larval data processing, and result interpretation were all provided by CR, GB, MS, PW, VP, SSN, PK, and DN. The molecular docking investigation and interpretation were carried out by MS and CR. The brine shrimp test toxicity experiments were carried out by CR. The embryo toxicity test was carried out by VM. The manuscript was co-written by CR, GB, PW, VP, SSN, PK, and DN. The final document has been thoroughly examined and authorized for publication by all of the writers and special contribution by DA, PK, and DN.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Patcharin Krutmuang.

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Chinnasamy, R., Govindasamy, B., Venkatesh, M. et al. Bio-efficacy of insecticidal molecule emodin against dengue, filariasis, and malaria vectors. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 61842–61862 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26290-0

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