Abstract
Graphene, a 2D single-layered carbon sp2 hybrid substance set in a honeycomb network, is widespread in many carbon-based materials. Due to its extraordinary optical, electrical, thermal, mechanical, and magnetic competences as well as its significant specific surface area, it has attracted a lot of interest recently. Synthesizing graphene refers to any process for creating or extracting the material, depending on the desired purity, size, and efflorescence of the finished good. Numerous methods have been employed for graphene synthesis categorized as top-down procedures and bottom-up procedures. Graphene finds its implementations in various industries such as electronics, energy, chemical, transport, defence, and biomedical areas such as accurate biosensing. It has been widely used in water treatment as a binder for organic contaminants and heavy metals. Many researches have fixated on creating various modified graphene, graphene oxide composites, graphene nanoparticle composites and semiconductor hybrids of graphene for contaminant removal from water. In this review, we have tried to address various production methods for graphene and its composites along with their advantages and disadvantages. Furthermore, we have presented a summary on graphene’s outstanding immobilization of a variety of contaminants like toxic heavy metals, organic dyes, inorganic pollutants and pharmaceutical wastes. Additionally, a development of graphene-based microbial fuel cell (MFC) has been evaluated in an effort to produce ecological wastewater treatment and bioelectricity.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.
References
Akhavan O, Ghaderi E (2012) Escherichia coli bacteria reduce graphene oxide to bactericidal graphene in a self-limiting manner. Carbon 50(5):1853–1860. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CARBON.2011.12.035
Ali I, Basheer AA, Mbianda XY, Burakov A, Galunin E, Burakova I, Grachev V (2019) Graphene based adsorbents for remediation of noxious pollutants from wastewater. Environ Int 127:160180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.03.029
Aravind MK, Kappen J, Narayanamoorthi E, Sanjaykumar A, Varalakshmi P, Arockiadoss T, John SA, Ashokkumar B (2022) Bioengineered magnetic graphene oxide microcomposites for bioremediation of chromium in ex situ - A novel strategy for aggrandized recovery by electromagnetic gadgetry. Environ Pollut 308:119675
Bai RG, Muthoosamy K, Manickam S, Hilal-Alnaqbi A (2019) Graphene-based 3D scaffolds in tissue engineering: fabrication, applications, and future scope in liver tissue engineering. Int J Nanomed 14:5753. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S192779
Balandin AA, Ghosh S, Bao W, Calizo I, Teweldebrhan D, Miao F, Lau CN (2008) Superior thermal conductivity of single-layer graphene. Nano Lett 8(3):902–907. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl0731872
Bhuyan MSA, Uddin MN, Islam MM, Bipasha FA, Hossain SS (2016) Synthesis of graphene. International. Nano Lett 6(2):65–83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40089-015-0176-1
Choi C, Cui Y (2012) Recovery of silver from wastewater coupled with power generation using a microbial fuel cell. Bioresour Technol 107:522–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.12.058
Choucair M, Thordarson P, Stride JA (2009) Gram-scale production of graphene based on solvothermal synthesis and sonication. Nat Nanotechnol 4(1):30–33. https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2008.365
Das K, Mukherjee AK (2007) Crude petroleum-oil biodegradation efficiency of Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from a petroleum-oil contaminated soil from North-East India. Biores Technol 98(7):1339–1345. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BIORTECH.2006.05.032
Das Lopamudra, Das Papita, Bhowal Avijit, Bhattachariee Chiranjib (2020) Synthesis of hybrid hydrogel nano-polymer composite using graphene oxide, chitosan and PVA and its application in waste water treatment. Environ Technol Innov 18:100664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2020.100664
De Heer W (2011) The development of epitaxial graphene for 21st century electronics. MRS bulletin 36:633 ar Xiv: 1012. 1644v1
Dikin DA, Stankovich S, Zimney EJ, Piner RD, Dommett GHB, Evmenenko G, Ruoff RS (2007) Preparation and characterization of graphene oxide paper. Nature 448(7152):457–460. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06016
ElMekawy A, Hegab HM, Losic D, Saint CP, Pant D (2017) Applications of graphene in microbial fuel cells: the gap between promise and reality. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 72:1389–1403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.10.044
Geim AK, Novoselov KS (2007) The rise of graphene. Nat Mater 6(3):183–191. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat184
Gnanaprakasam P, Jeena SE, Premnath D, Selvaraju T (2016) Simple and robust green synthesis of Au NPs on reduced graphene oxide for the simultaneous detection of toxic heavy metal ions and bioremediation using bacterium as the scavenger. Electroanalysis 28(8):18851893. https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.201600002
Gurunathan S, Han JW, Eppakayala V, Kim JH (2013) Biocompatibility of microbially reduced graphene oxide in primary mouse embryonic fibroblast cells. Colloids Surf, B 105:58–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COLSURFB.2012.12.036
Heera WA, Bergera C, Ruana M, Sprinklea M, Lia X, Hua Y, Zhanga B, Hankinsona J, Conrada E (2011) Large areaand structured epitaxial graphene produced by confinement controlled sublimation of silicon carbide. PNAS 108:16900. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1105113108
Hegab HM, Elmekawy A, Zou L, Mulcahy D, Saint CP, Ginic-Markovic M (2016) The controversial antibacterial activity of graphene-based materials. Carbon 105:362–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CARBON.2016.04.046
Hummers WS, Offeman RE (1958) Preparation of graphitic oxide. J Am Chem Soc 80(6):1339–1339. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01539a017. (Hummers and Offerman (1958))
Idris Mustapha Omenesa, Nur Asshifa Md, Noh Mohamad Nasir, Ibrahim Mohamad, Yaqoob Asim Ali (2022) Sustainable microbial fuel cell functionalized with a bio-waste: a feasible route to formaldehyde bioremediation along with bioelectricity generation. Chem Eng J 455:140781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.140781
Janik P, Zawisza B, Talik E, Sitko R (2018) Selective adsorption and determination of hexavalent chromium ions using graphene oxide modified with amino silanes. Microchimica Acta 185(2):1–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-017-2640-2
Janwery Dahar, Memon Fida Hussain, Memon Ayaz Ali, Iqbal Muzaffar, Memon Fakhar Nisa, Ali Wajid, Choi Kyung-Hyun, Thebo Khalid Hussain (2023) Lamellar graphene oxide-based composite membranes for efficient separation of heavy metal ions and desalination of water. ACS Omega 8:7648–7656. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.2c07243
Jin L, Huang L, Ren L et al (2019) Preparation of stable and high-efficient poly(m-phenylenediamine)/reduced graphene oxide composites for hexavalent chromium removal. J Mater Sci 54:383–395. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-018-2844-9
Jin S, Feng Y, Jia J, Zhao F, Wu Z, Long P, ... & Feng W (2022) Three‐dimensional n‐doped carbon nanotube/graphene composite aerogel anode to develop high‐power microbial fuel cell. Energy & Environmental Materials
Kalita G, Tanemura M (2017) Fundamentals of chemical vapor deposited graphene and emerging applications. Graphene Materials - Advanced Applications. https://doi.org/10.5772/67514
Kim KK, Hsu A, Jia X, Kim SM, Shi Y, Hofmann M, Kong J (2011) Synthesis of monolayer hexagonal boron nitride on Cu foil using chemical vapor deposition. Nano Lett 12(1):161–166. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl203249a
Kyzas GZ, Bikiaris DN, Seredych M, Bandosz TJ, Deliyanni EA (2014) Removal of dorzolamide from biomedical wastewaters with adsorption onto graphite oxide/poly(acrylic acid) grafted chitosan nanocomposite. Biores Technol 152:399–406. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BIORTECH.2013.11.046
Kyzas GZ, Deliyanni EA, Bikiaris DN, Mitropoulos AC (2018) Graphene composites as dye adsorbents: review. Chem Eng Res Des 129:75–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHERD.2017.11.006
Lavelim B, Destiarti L, Adhitiyawarman A, Sasri R (2023) Synthesis of reduced graphene oxide-bentonite composite and its application as a lead(II) ion adsorbent. 23(2). https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.67993
Lee C, Wei X (2008) Kysar J W Measurement of the elastic properties and intrinsic strength. Science 321:385–388. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1157996
Lehner BAE, Janssen VAEC, Spiesz EM, Benz D, Brouns SJJ, Meyer AS, van der Zant HSJ (2019) Creation of conductive graphene materials by bacterial reduction using Shewanella oneidensis. ChemistryOpen 8(7):888–895. https://doi.org/10.1002/open.201900186
Li B, Cao H (2011) ZnO graphene composite with enhanced performance for the removal of dye from water. J Mater Chem 21(10):3346–3349. https://doi.org/10.1039/c0jm03253k
Li D, Müller MB, Gilje S, Kaner RB, Wallace GG (2008a) Processable aqueous dispersions of graphene nanosheets. Nature Nanotechnology 3(2):101–105. https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2007.451
Li X, Wang X, Zhang L, Lee S, Dai H (2008b) Chemically derived, ultra-smooth graphene nanoribbon semiconductors. Science 319(5867):1229–1232. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1150878
Li X, Cai W, An J, Kim S, Nah J, Yang D, …, Ruoff RS (2009) Large-area synthesis of high-quality and uniform graphene films on copper foils. Science 324(5932):1312–1314. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1171245
Liu T, Jiang LL, He MF, Zhu Z, Wang DB, Song TS, Tan WM, Ouyang P, Xie J (2015) Green synthesis of reduced graphene oxide by a GRAS strain Bacillus subtilis 168 with high biocompatibility to zebrafish embryos. RSC Adv 5(74):60024–60032. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA12304F
Loh KP, Bao Q, Eda G (2010) Graphene oxide as a chemically tunable platform for optical applications. Nature Chem 2:1015–1024. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.016602
Lúcio M, Fernandes E, Gonçalves H, Machado S, Gomes AC, Oliveira MECR (2021) Graphene-based nanosystems: versatile nanotools for theranostics and bioremediation. In: Theranostics-An Old Concept in New Clothing. IntechOpen
Mohan VB, Brown R, Jayaraman K, Bhattacharyya D (2015) Characterisation of reduced graphene oxide: effects of reduction variables on electrical conductivity. Mater Sci Eng B 193:49–60
Mokkapati VRSS, Pandit S, Kim J, Martensson A, Lovmar M, Westerlund F, Mijakovic I (2018) Bacterial response to graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide integrated in agar plates. R Soc Open Sci 5(11):181083. https://doi.org/10.1098/RSOS.181083
Morozov SV, Novoselov KS, Katsnelson MI, Schedin F, Elias DC, Jaszczak JA, Geim AK (2008) Giant intrinsic carrier mobilities in graphene and its bilayer. Phys Rev Lett 100(1):016602. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.100.01660
Nair RR, Blake P, Grigorenko AN et al (2008) Fine structure constant defines visual transparency of graphene. Science 320:1308. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1156965
Niyogi S, Bekyarova E, Itkis ME, McWilliams JL, Hamon MA, Haddon RC (2006) Solution properties of graphite and graphene. J Am Chem Soc 128(24):7720–7721. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja060680r
Novoselov KS, Geim AK, Morozov SV, Jiang D, Zhang Y, Dubonos SV, Grigorieva IV, Firsov AA (2004) Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films. Science 306(5696):666–669. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1102896
Novoselov KS, Geim AK, Morozov SV, Jiang D, Katsnelson MI, Grigorieva IV, Firsov AA (2005) Two-dimensional gas of massless Dirac fermions in graphene. Nature 438:197b. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04233
Pareek A, Shanthi Sravan J, Venkata Mohan S (2019) Fabrication of three-dimensional graphene anode for augmenting performance in microbial fuel cells. Carbon Resources Conversion 2(2):134–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crcon.2019.06.003
Reina A, Jia XT, Ho J, Nezich D, Son H, Bulovic V, Mildred Dresselhaus S, Kong J (2009) Large area, few-layer graphene films on arbitrary substrates by chemical vapor deposition. Nano Lett 9(1):30–35. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl801827v
Richter H, Nevin KP, Jia H, Lowy DA, Lovley DR, Tender LM (2009) Cyclic voltammetry of biofilms of wild type and mutant Geobacter sulfurreducens on fuel cell anodes indicates possible roles of OmcB, OmcZ, type IV pili, and protons in extracellular electron transfer. Energy Environ Sci 2:506–516. https://doi.org/10.1039/b816647a
Shi Yanzhao, Ren Xueying, Hong Zheng Yu, Zhang Qi Zuo (2022) Hierarchical 13X zeolite/reduced graphene oxide porous material for trace Pb (II) capturing from drinking water. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 329:111540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2021.111540
Singh RK, Kumar R, Singh DP (2016) Graphene oxide: strategies for synthesis, reduction and frontier applications. RSC Adv 6(69):64993–65011. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ra07626b
Stankovich S, Dikin DA, Dommett GHB, Kohlhaas KM, Zimney EJ, Stach EA, Piner RD, Nguyen ST, Ruoff RS (2006a) Graphene-based composite materials. Nature 442:282–286. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04969
Stankovich S, Piner RD, Chen X, Wu N, Nguyen ST, Ruoff RS (2006b) Stable aqueous dispersions of graphitic nanoplatelets via the reduction of exfoliated graphite oxide in the presence of poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate). J Mater Chem 16(2):155–158. https://doi.org/10.1039/b512799h
Stoller MD, Park SJ, Zhu YW, An JH, Ruoff RS (2008) Graphene-based ultracapacitors. Nano Lett 8(10):3498–3502. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl802558y
Tarraf A, Daleiden J, Irmer S, Prasai D, Hillmer H (2003) Stress investigation of PECVD dielectric layers for advanced optical MEMS. J Micromech Microeng 14(3):317–323. https://doi.org/10.1088/0960-1317/14/3/001
Thatoi H, Das S, Mishra J, Rath BP, Das N (2014) Bacterial chromate reductase, a potential enzyme for bioremediation of hexavalent chromium: a review. J Environ Manag 146:383–399
Tolkou AK, Trikkaliotis DG, Kyzas GZ, Katsoyiannis IA, Deliyanni EA (2023) Simultaneous removal of As(III) and fluoride ions from water using manganese oxide supported on graphene nanostructures (GO-MnO2). Sustainability 15(2):1179. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15021179
Trikkaliotis DG, Mitropoulos AC, Kyzas GZ (2020) Low-cost route for top-down synthesis of over- and low-oxidized graphene oxide. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 600:124928. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.12492
Trikkaliotis DG, Christoforidis AK, Mitropoulos AC, Kyzas GZ (2021) Graphene oxide synthesis, properties and characterization techniques: a comprehensive review. ChemEngineering 5:64. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering5030064
Tsezos M, Volesky B (1982) The mechanism of uranium biosorption byRhizopus arrhizus. Biotechnol Bioeng 24(2):385–401. https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.260240211
Valipour A, Hamnabard N, Ahn Y-H (2015) Performance evaluation of highly conductive graphene (RGOHI–AcOH) and graphene/metal nanoparticle composites (RGO/Ni) coated on carbon cloth for supercapacitor applications. RSC Adv 5:92970–92979
Wallace PR (1947) The band theory of graphite. Phys Rev 71(9):622–634. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrev.71.622
Wang X, Zhi L, Mullen K (2008) Transparent, conductive graphene electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells. Nano Lett 8(1):323–327. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl072838
Wang Y, Li Z, Wang J, Li J, Lin Y (2011) Graphene and graphene oxide: biofunctionalization and applications in biotechnology. Trends Biotechnol 29(5):205–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2011.01.008
Wei D, Lu Y, Han C, Niu T, Chen W, Wee ATS (2013a) Critical crystal growth of graphene on dielectric substrates at low temperature for electronic devices. Angew Chem Int Ed 52(52):14121–14126. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201306086
Wei D, Xie L, Lee KK, Hu Z, Tan S, Chen W, …, Wee ATS (2013b) Controllable unzipping for intramolecular junctions of graphene nanoribbons and single-walled carbon nanotubes. Nat Commun 4(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms2366
Wu J, Pisula W, Mullen K (2007) Graphenes as potential material for electronics. Chem Rev 107(3):718–747. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr068010r
Wu YH, Yu T, Shen ZX (2010) Two-dimensional carbon nanostructures: fundamental properties, synthesis, characterization, and potential applications. J Appl Phys 108:071301. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3460809
Xu Y, Bai H, Lu G, Li C, Shi G (2008) Flexible graphene films via the filtration of water-soluble noncovalent functionalized graphene sheets. J Am Chem Soc 130(18):5856–5857. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja800745y
Yang Y, Diao MH, Gao MM, Sun XF, Liu XW, Zhang GH, Qi Z, Wang SG (2014) Facile preparation of graphene/polyaniline composite and its application for electrocatalysis hexavalent chromium reduction. Electrochim Acta 132:496–503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2014.03.152
Yaqoob AA, Ibrahim MNM, Yaakop AS, Umar K, Ahmad A (2021) Modified graphene oxide anode: a bioinspired waste material for bioremediation of Pb2+ with energy generation through microbial fuel cells. Chem Eng J 417:128052. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.128052
Yi K, Liu D, Chen X, Yang J, Wei D, Liu Y, Wei D (2021) Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition of two-dimensional materials for applications. Acc Chem Res 54(4):1011–1022. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00757
Zhang Y, Tan Y-W, Stormer HL, Kim P (2005) Experimental observation of the quantum Hall effect and Berry’s phase in graphene. Nature 438(7065):201–204. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04235
Zhao Y, Li L, Zuo Y, He G, Chen Q, Meng Q, Chen H (2022) Reduced graphene oxide supported ZnO/CdS heterojunction enhances photocatalytic removal efficiency of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solution. Chemosphere 286(Part 3):131738. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131738
Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful to National Institute of Technology Raipur, India, for providing the necessary facilities to prepare the manuscript and permission to publish it.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
The authors confirm contribution to the paper as follows:
Study conception and design: Nikita Verma, Dr. Satya Eswari Jujjavarapu, Dr. Chinmaya Mahapatra.
Data collection: Nikita Verma, Jagadeesh Kumar Reddy Mutra.
Draft manuscript preparation: Nikita Verma, Jagadeesh Kumar Reddy Mutra.
Guidance in preparing the manuscript: Dr. Satya Eswari Jujjavarapu, Dr. Chinmaya Mahapatra.
All authors reviewed the results and approved the final version of the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: George Z. Kyzas
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Verma, N., Jujjavarapu, S.E., Mahapatra, C. et al. Contemporary updates on bioremediation applications of graphene and its composites. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 48854–48867 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26225-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26225-9