Abstract
Urban sprawl in context to transportation is a matter of serious concern. It creates unusual environmental challenges for an emerging economy like India, known for geographical spread, population, and use of fossil fuel-based automobiles on road. Indian automotive sector is often held responsible for the emission of greenhouse gasses causing serious environmental deterioration. Government at both central and state levels is dealing with this challenge in two ways-adding more infrastructure for public transport and encouraging electrical vehicles (EVs). Adoption of EVs for public mobility is eco-friendlier and economic. But it is observed that EV penetration in many pockets is not growing and is yet to mature for usage. Regardless of subsidies, it is not picking up as expected and needs to be investigated. Earlier research mainly focused on reporting barriers and did not guide EV penetration enablers. This study bridges the research gap and offers useful insights about EV penetration phenomenon and makes use of both qualitative and quantitative treatments. Accordingly, it models thirteen enablers, guides about tangling interrelationships using an interpretive structural modeling (ISM), and validates it using best worst method (BWM) approach. The study reports six key enablers, which are-developing high-capacity batteries with short recharge time, improving service support, framing promotive government policies, lowering electricity tariffs using sustainable and reliable sources, and reducing dependence on imported raw materials. These enablers need an urgent attention from the industries and researchers for successful EV penetration in Indian context. Authors hope the findings will be useful for other developing countries as well and will influence both researchers and practitioners.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Not applicable.
References
Asghar R, Rehman F, Ullah Z, Qamar A, Ullah K, Iqbal K, Aman A, Nawaz AA (2021) Electric vehicles and key adaptation challenges and prospects in Pakistan: a comprehensive review. In Journal of Cleaner Production (Vol. 278). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123375
Bansal P, Ranjan Kumar R, Dubey S, Graham D, tudelftnl J (2021) Willingness to pay and attitudinal preferences of Indian consumers for electric vehicles. Energy Econ 100:105340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2021.105340
Bhalla P, Professor A, Salamah I, Professor AA, Nazneen A (2018) A study of consumer perception and purchase intention of electric vehicles. Eur J Sci Res 149:362–368. http://www.europeanjournalofscientificresearch.com. Accessed 10 Mar 2022
Bhatia MS, Jakhar SK, Mangla SK, Gangwani KK (2020) Critical factors to environment management in a closed loop supply chain. J Clean Prod 255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120239
Bhosale AP, Sharma S, Mastud SA (2022) Characterizing the economic competitiveness of battery electric vehicles in India. Asian Transport Stud 8(274):100069. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eastsj.2022.100069
Biswal JN, Muduli K, Satapathy S, Yadav DK, Pumwa J (2018) Interpretive structural modeling-based framework for analysis of sustainable supply chain management enablers: Indian thermal power plant perspective. J Oper Strategic Plan 1(1):34–56. https://doi.org/10.1177/2516600×18774169
Conway G, Joshi A, Leach F, García A, Senecal PK (2021) A review of current and future powertrain technologies and trends in 2020. Transp Eng 5(June):100080. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.treng.2021.100080
Das D, Kalbar PP, Velaga NR (2021) Pathways to decarbonize passenger transportation: implications to India’s climate budget. J Clean Prod 295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126321
Digalwar AK, Giridhar G (2015) Interpretive structural modeling approach for development of electric vehicle market in India. Procedia CIRP 26(December):40–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2014.07.125
Dua R, Hardman S, Bhatt Y, Suneja D (2021) Enablers and disablers to plug-in electric vehicle adoption in India: insights from a survey of experts. Energy Rep 7:3171–3188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2021.05.025
Dudenhöffer K, Rahul A, Alizée D, Axel E, Patrick J, Jasmin T (2014) Potentials for electric vehicles in France, Germany, and India,. Working Paper Series in Production and Energy, No. 5, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Industrial Production (IIP), Karlsruhe, 1(1), 1–35. https://doi.org/10.5445/IR/1000043679
Goel S, Sharma R, Rathore AK (2021) A review on barrier and challenges of electric vehicle in India and vehicle to grid optimisation. Transp Eng 4(February). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.treng.2021.100057
Govindan K, Muduli K, Devika K, Barve A (2016) Investigation of the influential strength of factors on adoption of green supply chain management practices: an Indian mining scenario. Resour Conserv Recycl 107:185–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.05.022
Govindan K, Pokharel S, Kumar PS (2009) A hybrid approach using ISM and fuzzy TOPSIS for the selection of reverse logistics provider. Resour Conserv Recycl 54(1):28–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2009.06.004
Haddadian G, Khodayar M, Shahidehpour M (2015) Accelerating the global adoption of electric vehicles: barriers and drivers. Electr J 28(10):53–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tej.2015.11.011
Hatab AA, Ravula P, Nedumaran S, Lagerkvist CJ (2022) Perceptions of the impacts of urban sprawl among urban and peri-urban dwellers of Hyderabad, India: a latent class clustering analysis. Environ Dev Sustain 24(11):12787–12812. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-01964-2
Huang Z, Fang B, Deng J (2020) Multi-objective optimization strategy for distribution network considering V2G- enabled electric vehicles in building integrated energy system. Prot Control Modern Power Syst 5(1):1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41601-020-0154-0
IEA (2021) Net zero by 2050: a roadmap for the global energy sector. Int Energy Agency 224. https://www.iea.org/reports/net-zero-by-2050. Accessed 15 May 2021
INDC (2015) India’s intended nationally determined contribution. Unfccc, October, 1–38. http://www4.unfccc.int/submissions/INDC/PublishedDocuments/India/1/INDIANDCOUNFCCC.pdf. Accessed 10 Mar 2022
Jain D (2022) Viability assessment of electric cars for personal use in India. IATSS Research 46(2):214–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iatssr.2021.12.005
Kesari JP, Sharma Y, Goel C (2019) Opportunities and scope for electric vehicles in India. Int J Mech Eng 6(5):1–8. https://doi.org/10.14445/23488360/ijme-v6i5p101
Kim E, Heo E (2019) Key drivers behind the adoption of electric vehicle in Korea: an analysis of the revealed preferences. Sustainability (switzerland) 11(23):1–15. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11236854
Kongklaew C, Phoungthong K, Prabpayak C, Chowdhury MS, Khan I, Yuangyai N, Yuangyai C, Techato K (2021) Barriers to electric vehicle adoption in Thailand. Sustainability (Switzerland) 13(22). https://doi.org/10.3390/su132212839
Kumar R, Jha A, Damodaran A, Bangwal D, Dwivedi A (2021) Addressing the challenges to electric vehicle adoption via sharing economy: an Indian perspective. Manag Environ Qual: Int J 32(1):82–99. https://doi.org/10.1108/MEQ-03-2020-0058
Lévay PZ, Drossinos Y, Thiel C (2017) The effect of fiscal incentives on market penetration of electric vehicles: a pairwise comparison of total cost of ownership. Energy Policy 105(October 2016):524–533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.02.054
Malek J, Desai TN (2019) Prioritization of sustainable manufacturing barriers using best worst method. J Clean Prod 226:589–600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.056
Mali B, Shrestha A, Chapagain A, Bishwokarma R, Kumar P, Gonzalez-Longatt F (2022) Challenges in the penetration of electric vehicles in developing countries with a focus on Nepal. Renew Energy Focus 40(March):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ref.2021.11.003
Mathew N, Varaprasad G (2020). Technology advancement: factors influencing the adoption of electric vehicles in India. 2020 Int Conf Syst Comput Autom Networking ICSCAN 2020. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSCAN49426.2020.9262449
Mazzeo D, Matera N, De Luca P, Baglivo C, Congedo PM, Oliveti G (2021). A literature review and statistical analysis of photovoltaic-wind hybrid renewable system research by considering the most relevant 550 articles: an upgradable matrix literature database. In Journal of Cleaner Production (Vol. 295). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126070
Mishra S, Malhotra G (2019) Is India ready for e-mobility? An exploratory study to understand e-vehicles purchase intention. Theor Econ Lett 09(02):376–391. https://doi.org/10.4236/tel.2019.92027
Muzir NAQ, Mojumder MRH, Hasanuzzaman M, Selvaraj J (2022) Challenges of electric vehicles and their prospects in Malaysia: a comprehensive review. Sustainability (Switzerland) 14(14). https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148320
Nagesh I (2021) Identification of key technical factors towards EV adoption. AAYAM: AKGIM. J Manag 11(1):26–30. https://www.proquest.com/openview/ee68900b15bd426b5db953fd09b5f027/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2046044. Accessed 10 Mar 2022
National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (2020) Department of heavy industry government of india. https://heavyindustries.gov.in/writereaddata/Content/NEMMP2020.pdf
Palit T, Bari ABMM, Karmaker CL (2022) An integrated principal component analysis and interpretive structural modeling approach for electric vehicle adoption decisions in sustainable transportation systems. Decis Anal J 4(September):100119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dajour.2022.100119
Patyal, Singh V, Kumar R, Singh Kushwah S (2021) Modeling barriers to the adoption of electric vehicles: an Indian perspective. Energy 237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.121554
Petroleum Planning & Analysis Cell, P (2022) India ’ s oil & gas oil & gas industry information at a glance. 23. https://ppac.gov.in/uploads/rep_studies/1670475549_202205270126161368750SnapshotofIndiasOilandGasdataApril2022Upload.pdf. Accessed 5 Jan 2023
Phatak S, Vinod S, Gayatri K (2020) Challenges for going electric mobility in India. Supply Chain Pulse 11(1):6–11. https://www.proquest.com/docview/2421112891?pq-origsite=gscholar&fromopenview=true. Accessed 10 Mar 2022
Rajper SZ, Albrecht J (2020) Prospects of electric vehicles in the developing countries: a literature review. Sustainability (Switzerland) 12(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/su12051906
Rathore P, Prasad S, Arti S (2019) Location – allocation of bins in urban solid waste management : a case study of Bilaspur city , India. Environ Dev Sustain 0123456789. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-019-00347-y
Rezaei J (2015) Best-worst multi-criteria decision-making method. Omega (united Kingdom) 53:49–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omega.2014.11.009
Sachan S, Singh PP (2022) Charging infrastructure planning for electric vehicle in India: present status and future challenges. Reg Sustain 3(4):335–345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsus.2022.11.008
Sankaran G, Venkatesan S, Prabhahar M (2020) Range anxiety on electric vehicles in India -impact on customer and factors influencing range anxiety. Mater Today: Proc 33:895–901. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.06.423
Seth D, Rehman MAA (2022) Critical success factors‐based strategy to facilitate green manufacturing for responsible business: an application experience in Indian context. Bus Strategy Environ March 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.3047
Seth D, Rehman MAA, Shrivastava RL (2018) Green manufacturing drivers and their relationships for small and medium(SME) and large industries. J Clean Prod 198:1381–1405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.07.106
Seth D, Shrivastava RL, Shrivastava S (2016) An empirical investigation of critical success factors and performance measures for green manufacturing in cement industry. J Manuf Technol Manag 27(8):1076–1101. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMTM-04-2016-0049
Sharma H, Shanker S, Barve A, Muduli K, Kumar A, Luthra S (2022) Interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy digraph-matrix approach with PERMAN algorithm for measuring COVID-19 impact on perishable food supply chain. In Environment, Development and Sustainability (Issue Mcdm). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-022-02487-0
Shashank G, Sairam D, Reddy BR, Afreed K, Sridharan R (2020) Analysis of enablers and barriers in adopting electric vehicles in India: DEMATEL-ISM approach. 2020 International Conference on System, Computation, Automation and Networking, ICSCAN 2020. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSCAN49426.2020.9262394
Singh A, Gangopadhyay S, Nanda PK, Bhattacharya S, Sharma C, Bhan C (2008) Trends of greenhouse gas emissions from the road transport sector in India. Sci Total Environ 390(1):124–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.09.027
Singh N, Mishra T, Banerjee R (2022) Emission inventory for road transport in India in 2020: framework and post facto policy impact assessment. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29(14):20844–20863. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17238-3
Stephens T, Zhou Y, Burnham A, Wang M (2018) Incentivizing adoption of plug-in electric vehicles: a review of global policies and markets. https://doi.org/10.2172/1480507
Sun D, Kyere F, Sampene AK, Asante D, Kumah NYG (2022) An investigation on the role of electric vehicles in alleviating environmental pollution: evidence from five leading economies. Environ Sci Pollut Res 0123456789. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23386-x
Tarei PK. Chand P, Gupta H (2021) Barriers to the adoption of electric vehicles: evidence from India. J Clean Prod 291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.125847
Tarrar M, Despeisse M, Johansson B (2021) Driving vehicle dismantling forward - a combined literature and empirical study. In Journal of Cleaner Production (Vol. 295). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126410
TERI (2022) Readiness and capacity needs assessment for electric vehicle adoption in Indian cities. p. 0–53. https://www.teriin.org/sites/default/files/2022-04/EV/20RCNA/20Final/20Report.pdf. Accessed 5 Jan 2023
Verma M, Verma A, Khan M (2020) Factors influencing the adoption of electric vehicles in Bengaluru. Transp Dev Econ 6(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40890-020-0100-x
Vidhi R, Shrivastava P (2018) A review of electric vehicle lifecycle emissions and policy recommendations to increase EV penetration. Figure 1:1–15. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11030483
Westin K, Jansson J, Nordlund A (2018) The importance of socio-demographic characteristics, geographic setting, and attitudes for adoption of electric vehicles in Sweden. Travel Behav Soc 13:118–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tbs.2018.07.004
Wu Y, Zhang S, Hao J, Liu H, Wu X, Hu J, Walsh MP, Wallington TJ, Zhang KM, Stevanovic S (2017) On-road vehicle emissions and their control in China: a review and outlook. Sci Total Environ 574:332–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.040
Yadav M, Kumar A, Mangla SK, Luthra S, Bamel U, Garza-Reyes JA (2019) Mapping the human resource focused enablers with sustainability viewpoints in Indian power sector. J Clean Prod 210:1311–1323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.11.132
Yang L, Yu B, Malima G, Yang B, Chen H, Wei YM (2022) Are electric vehicles cost competitive? A case study for China based on a lifecycle assessment. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29(5):7793–7810. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15139-z
Zhou Y, Ravey A, Péra M-C (2019) A survey on driving prediction techniques for predictive energy management of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. J Power Sour 412:480–495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.11.085
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Author 1—conceptualization of the investigation, writing, and methodology. Author 2—supervision, material preparation, statistical analysis, and final drafting. All the authors have agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval
No human or animal subjects were used in this research.
Research involving human participation and/or animals
Not applicable.
Consent to participate
All authors agreed with being involved in the research project.
Consent for publication
All authors agreed with the content and that all gave explicit consent to submit and that they obtained consent from responsible authorities at the institute/organization where work has been carried out, before the work was submitted.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues
Publisher's note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Rehman, M.A., Seth, D. Investigation and modeling of electric vehicle enablers (EVE) for successful penetration in context to India: mitigating the effect of urban sprawl on transportation. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 107118–107137 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26022-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26022-4