Abstract
Poverty is the curse for sustainable and equitable development worldwide by detreating environmental sustainability, economic instability, and inequality. However, as a remedy for poverty reduction, researchers over the past decade have examined the key macro determinants and established positive associations, implying the contributory role in poverty reduction. The study explores the environmental, energy, education, and foreign direct investment (FDI) effects on poverty reduction in Morocco and Tunisia from 1991 to 2020. We employed autoregressive distributed lagged (ARDL) and nonlinear ARDL frameworks to document the explanatory variables’ elasticity on poverty reduction in both the long- and short-run horizons. According to linear assessment, the study documented that education, energy, and FDI support poverty reduction. At the same time, the cost of environmental degradation has a detrimental effect on poverty augmentation. Referring to asymmetric assessment, the study established a long-run asymmetric association between asymmetric shocks of education, FDI, and energy with poverty. For directional association, the study has implemented a casualty test with the Fourier TY causality test and revealed a bidirectional association between education and poverty, and energy and poverty. Moreover, the unidirectional casualty was unveiled between FDI and poverty, and poverty and environment.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
All the data considered for the study are publicly available. Please see World Development Indicator (WDI) and TC data published by World Bank, World Governance Index (WGI).
References
Adejumo OO, Asongu SA, Adejumo AV (2021) Education enrolment rate vs employment rate: implications for sustainable human capital development in Nigeria. Int J Educ Dev 83:102385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2021.102385
Ahmad F, Draz MU, Su L, Ozturk I, Rauf A, Ali S (2019) Impact of FDI inflows on poverty reduction in the ASEAN and SAARC economies. Sustainability 11(9)
Al-mulali U, Tang CF, Ozturk I (2015) Does financial development reduce environmental degradation? Evidence from a panel study of 129 countries. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22(19):14891–14900. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4726-x
Aloysius MN (2010) The effects of educational attainment on poverty reduction in Cameroon. Int J Educ Adm Policy Stud 2(1):001–008
Alwang J, Gotor E, Thiele G, Hareau G, Jaleta M, Chamberlin J (2019) Pathways from research on improved staple crop germplasm to poverty reduction for smallholder farmers. Agric Syst 172:16–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2017.10.005
Andriamahery A, Danarson JH, Qamruzzaman M (2022) Nexus between trade and environmental quality in sub-saharan Africa: evidence from panel GMM [Original Research]. Front Environ Sci 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.986429
Anser MK (2019) Impact of energy consumption and human activities on carbon emissions in Pakistan: application of STIRPAT model. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26(13):13453–13463. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04859-y
Aref A (2011) Perceived impact of education on poverty reduction in rural areas of Iran. Life Sci J 8(2):498–501
Arogundade S, Biyase M, Bila S (2022) Be nice to thy neighbors: spatial impact of foreign direct investment on poverty in Africa. Economies 10(6):128. https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7099/10/6/128
Arsani AM, Ario B, Ramadhan AF (2020) Impact of education on poverty and health: evidence from Indonesia. Econ Dev An J 9(1):87–96
Awan AG, Malik A (2020) Impact of female education on poverty reduction: an evidence from Pakistan. Glob J Manag, Soc Sci Humanit 6(2):220–236
Awan MS, Malik N, Sarwar H, Waqas M (2011) Impact of education on poverty reduction
Azam M (2016) Does environmental degradation shackle economic growth? A panel data investigation on 11 Asian countries. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 65:175–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.06.087
Bai Y, Deng X, Zhang Q, Wang Z (2017) Measuring environmental performance of industrial sub-sectors in China: a stochastic metafrontier approach. Phys Chem Earth, Parts A/B/C 101:3–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2016.12.007
Baloch MA, Khan SUD, Ulucak ZŞ, Ahmad A (2020) Analyzing the relationship between poverty, income inequality, and CO2 emission in Sub-Saharan African countries. Sci Total Environ 740:139867. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139867
Bawono S (2021) Human capital, technology, and economic growth: a case study of Indonesia. J Asian Finance, Econ Bus
Bayer C, Hanck C (2013) Combining non-cointegration tests. J Time Ser Anal 34(1):83–95. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9892.2012.00814.x
Bhattacharya M, Paramati SR, Ozturk I, Bhattacharya S (2016) The effect of renewable energy consumption on economic growth: evidence from top 38 countries. Appl Energy 162:733–741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.10.104
Bird K, Chabé-Ferret B, Simons A (2022) Linking human capabilities with livelihood strategies to speed poverty reduction: evidence from Rwanda. World Development 151:105728. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105728
Bolarinwa ST, Adegboye AA, Vo XV (2021) Is there a nonlinear relationship between financial development and poverty in Africa? J Econ Stud 48(7):1245–1266. https://doi.org/10.1108/JES-10-2019-0486
Breunig R, Majeed O (2020) Inequality, poverty and economic growth. Int Econ 161:83–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inteco.2019.11.005
Brown P, James D (2020) Educational expansion, poverty reduction and social mobility: reframing the debate. Int J Educ Res 100:101537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2020.101537
Bruckner B, Hubacek K, Shan Y, Zhong H, Feng K (2022) Impacts of poverty alleviation on national and global carbon emissions. Nat Sustain 5(4):311–320. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-021-00842-z
Chindengwike J (2022) The effect of foreign direct investment on poverty alleviation in East Africa countries. J Glob Econ 18(1):53–66. https://doi.org/10.1956/jge.v18i1.634
Chishti MZ, Rehman A, Murshed M (2021) An estimation of the macroeconomic determinants of income poverty in Pakistan? Evidence from a non-linear ARDL approach. J Public Aff e2719. https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.2719
Cremin P, Nakabugo MG (2012) Education, development and poverty reduction: a literature critique. Int J Educ Dev 32(4):499–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2012.02.015
Davies JB, Shi X, Whalley J (2014) The possibilities for global inequality and poverty reduction using revenues from global carbon pricing. J Econ Inequal 12(3):363–391. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10888-013-9259-2
de Bruijn E-J, Antonides G (2022) Poverty and economic decision making: a review of scarcity theory. Theor Decis 92(1):5–37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11238-021-09802-7
de Haan J, Pleninger R, Sturm J-E (2022) Does financial development reduce the poverty gap? Soc Indic Res 161(1):1–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-021-02705-8
Dickey DA, Fuller WA (1979) Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root. J Am Stat Assoc 74(366a):427–431. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1979.10482531
Doğan B, Driha OM, Balsalobre Lorente D, Shahzad U (2021) The mitigating effects of economic complexity and renewable energy on carbon emissions in developed countries. Sustain Dev 29(1):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2125
Ehigiamusoe KU, Majeed MT, Dogan E (2022) The nexus between poverty, inequality and environmental pollution: evidence across different income groups of countries. J Clean Prod 341:130863. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130863
Erlando A, Riyanto FD, Masakazu S (2020) Financial inclusion, economic growth, and poverty alleviation: evidence from eastern Indonesia. Heliyon 6(10):e05235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05235
Fauzel S, Seetanah B, Sannassee RV (2016) A dynamic investigation of foreign direct investment and poverty reduction in Mauritius. Theor Econ Lett 6(2):289–303
Fu R, Jin G, Chen J, Ye Y (2021) The effects of poverty alleviation investment on carbon emissions in China based on the multiregional input–output model. Technol Forecast Soc Chang 162:120344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120344
Ganić M (2019) Does foreign direct investment (FDI) contribute to poverty reduction? Empirical evidence from Central European and Western Balkan countries. Sci Ann Econ Bus 66(1):15–27. https://doi.org/10.2478/saeb-2019-0003
Gasparatos A, Doll CNH, Esteban M, Ahmed A, Olang TA (2017) Renewable energy and biodiversity: implications for transitioning to a Green Economy. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 70:161–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.08.030
Geall S, Shen W, Gongbuzeren. (2018) Solar energy for poverty alleviation in China: state ambitions, bureaucratic interests, and local realities. Energy Res Soc Sci 41:238–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2018.04.035
Ghatak S, Siddiki JU (2001) The use of the ARDL approach in estimating virtual exchange rates in India. J Appl Stat 28(5):573–583
Gohou G, Soumaré I (2012) Does foreign direct investment reduce poverty in Africa and are there regional differences? World Dev 40(1):75–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.05.014
Hofmarcher T (2021) The effect of education on poverty: a European perspective. Econ Educ Rev 83:102124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2021.102124
Islam R, Abdul Ghani AB (2018) Link among energy consumption, carbon dioxide emission, economic growth, population, poverty, and forest area. Int J Soc Econ 45(2):275–285. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-12-2016-0351
Islam R, Ghani ABA, Mahyudin E (2017) Carbon dioxide emission, energy consumption, economic growth, population, poverty and forest area: evidence from panel data analysis. Int J Energy Econ Policy 7(4):99
Jafri MAH, Abbas S, Abbas SMY, Ullah S (2022) Caring for the environment: measuring the dynamic impact of remittances and FDI on CO2 emissions in China. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29(6):9164–9172. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16180-8
Jahanger A (2021) Influence of FDI characteristics on high-quality development of China’s economy. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28(15):18977–18988. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09187-0
Jalal K (1993) Sustainable development, environment and poverty nexus
Jin G, Fu R, Li Z, Wu F, Zhang F (2018) CO2 emissions and poverty alleviation in China: an empirical study based on municipal panel data. J Clean Prod 202:883–891. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.08.221
Jin G, Guo B, Deng X (2020) Is there a decoupling relationship between CO2 emission reduction and poverty alleviation in China? Technol Forecast Soc Chang 151:119856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2019.119856
Khan AA, Khan SU, Fahad S, Ali MAS, Khan A, Luo J (2021a) Microfinance and poverty reduction: new evidence from Pakistan. Int J Financ Econ 26(3):4723–4733. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijfe.2038
Khan S, Khan MK, Muhammad B (2021b) Impact of financial development and energy consumption on environmental degradation in 184 countries using a dynamic panel model. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28(8):9542–9557. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11239-4
Khan S, Yahong W (2021) Symmetric and asymmetric impact of poverty, income inequality, and population on carbon emission in Pakistan: new evidence from ARDL and NARDL co-integration. Front Environ Sci 9:666362
Khan SAR (2019) The nexus between carbon emissions, poverty, economic growth, and logistics operations-empirical evidence from southeast Asian countries. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26(13):13210–13220. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04829-4
Kwiatkowski D, Phillips P, Schmidt P, Shin Y (1992) Testing the null hypothesis of stationarity against the alternative of a unit root: how sure are we that economic time series have a unit root? J Econ 54(1–3):159–178. https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:eee:econom:v:54:y:1992:i:1-3:p:159-178
Lee C-C, Lee C-C, Cheng C-Y (2022) The impact of FDI on income inequality: evidence from the perspective of financial development. Int J Financ Econ 27(1):137–157. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijfe.2143
Lehr U, Nitsch J, Kratzat M, Lutz C, Edler D (2008) Renewable energy and employment in Germany. Energy Policy 36(1):108–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2007.09.004
Liu C, Jiang Y, Xie R (2019) Does income inequality facilitate carbon emission reduction in the US? J Clean Prod 217:380–387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.01.242
Liu F, Li L, Zhang Y, Ngo Q-T, Iqbal W (2021) RETRACTED ARTICLE: Role of education in poverty reduction: macroeconomic and social determinants form developing economies. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28(44):63163–63177. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15252-z
Liu Y, Lu Y (2015) The Economic impact of different carbon tax revenue recycling schemes in China: a model-based scenario analysis. Appl Energy 141:96–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.12.032
Liu Y, Sadiq F, Ali W, Kumail T (2022) Does tourism development, energy consumption, trade openness and economic growth matters for ecological footprint: testing the environmental Kuznets curve and pollution haven hypothesis for Pakistan. Energy 245:123208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2022.123208
Llorca-Rodríguez CM, García-Fernández RM, Casas-Jurado AC (2020) Domestic versus inbound tourism in poverty reduction: evidence from panel data. Curr Issue Tour 23(2):197–216. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2018.1494701
Luo Y, Long X, Wu C, Zhang J (2017) Decoupling CO2 emissions from economic growth in agricultural sector across 30 Chinese provinces from 1997 to 2014. J Clean Prod 159:220–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.05.076
Lupeja TL, Gubo Q (2017) Secondary education attainment and its role in poverty reduction: views of graduates working in informal sector in rural Tanzania. J Educ Pract 8(11):140–149
Magombeyi MT, Odhiambo NM (2017) Foreign direct investment and poverty reduction. Comp Econ Res 20(2):73–89
Magombeyi MT, Odhiambo NM (2018) Dynamic impact of fdi inflows on poverty reduction: empirical evidence from South Africa. Sustain Cities Soc 39:519–526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2018.03.020
Mahembe E, Odhiambo NM (2019) Foreign aid, poverty and economic growth in developing countries: a dynamic panel data causality analysis. Cogent Econ Finance 7(1):1626321. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2019.1626321
Majeed MT, Ozturk I (2020) Environmental degradation and population health outcomes: a global panel data analysis. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27(13):15901–15911. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08167-8
Masron TA, Subramaniam Y (2019) Does poverty cause environmental degradation? Evidence from developing countries. J Poverty 23(1):44–64. https://doi.org/10.1080/10875549.2018.1500969
Moreno B, López AJ (2008) The effect of renewable energy on employment. The case of Asturias (Spain). Renew Sust Energ Rev 12(3):732–751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2006.10.011
Moses C, Olumuyiwa O, Mosunmola A, Mayowa A (2015) Entrepreneurship education and poverty alleviation: impact analysis of Covenant University Graduate between 2006–2013. Development 6(14):4
Muawya AH, Walter LF (2012) Analysis of energy as a precondition for improvement of living conditions and poverty reduction in sub-Saharan Africa. Sci Res Essays 7(30):2656–2666
Musakwa MT, Odhiambo NM (2019) FDI and poverty reduction in Botswana: a multivariate causality test. Econ Sociol 12(3):54–66
Nakamura T, Singh RP, Vaddadi P (2006) Effects of environmental degradation on flexural failure strength of fiber reinforced composites. Exp Mech 46(2):257–268. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11340-006-6067-7
Narayanamoorthy, A. (2022). Poverty-reducing role of groundwater irrigation in India: evidence from a cross-sectional analysis. In A. Narayanamoorthy (Ed.), The irrigation future of India: Development, Resource and Policy (pp. 115–137). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89613-3_6
Nazlioglu S, Gormus NA, Soytas U (2016) Oil prices and real estate investment trusts (REITs): gradual-shift causality and volatility transmission analysis. Energy Econ 60:168–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2016.09.009
Ng S, Perron P (2001) Lag length selection and the construction of unit root tests with good size and power. Econometrica 69(6):1519–1554
Nguyen TT, Nguyen T-T, Hoang V-N, Wilson C, Managi S (2019) Energy transition, poverty and inequality in Vietnam. Energy Policy 132:536–548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.06.001
Njiru CW, Letema SC (2018) Energy poverty and its implication on standard of living in Kirinyaga, Kenya. J Energy 2018:3196567. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3196567
Nnaji C, Uzoma C, Chukwu J (2010) The role of renewable energy resources in poverty alleviation and sustainable development in Nigeria. Continental J Soc Sci 33:31–37
Ogbeide-Osaretin EN (2021) Analysing energy consumption and poverty reduction nexus in Nigeria. Int J Sustain Energ 40(5):477–493. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786451.2020.1815744
Ojha VP (2009) Carbon emissions reduction strategies and poverty alleviation in India. Environ Dev Econ 14(3):323–348. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355770X0800497X
Okwanya I, Abah PO (2018) Impact of energy consumption on poverty reduction in Africa. CBN J Appl Stat (JAS) 9(1):5
Olopade BC, Okodua H, Oladosun M, Asaleye AJ (2019) Human capital and poverty reduction in OPEC member-countries. Heliyon 5(8):e02279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02279
Omoniyi BB (2018) An examination of the causes of poverty on economic growth in Nigeria. Africa’s Public Service Delivery and Performance Review 6(1):1–10
Openshaw K (2010) Biomass energy: employment generation and its contribution to poverty alleviation. Biomass Bioenerg 34(3):365–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2009.11.008
Osmanovic N, Alvi S (2022) A determinants of FDI in the economy of GCC countries: a PMG ARDL approach. Oper Res Eng Sci: Theory Appl. https://doi.org/10.31181/oresta031022046o
Pan Y, Chen J, Yan X, Lin J, Ye S, Xu Y, Qi X (2022) Identifying the Spatial–temporal patterns of vulnerability to re-poverty and its determinants in rural China. Appl Spat Anal Policy 15(2):483–505. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12061-021-09407-1
Papież M, Śmiech S, Frodyma K (2022) Does the European Union energy policy support progress in decoupling economic growth from emissions? Energy Policy 170:113247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2022.113247
Pesaran MH, Shin Y, Smith RJ (2001) Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. J Appl Economet 16(3):289–326. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.616
Phillips PCB, Perron P (1988) Testing for a unit root in time series regression. Biometrika 75(2):335–346. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/75.2.335
Qamruzzaman M (2022) Nexus between environmental innovation, energy efficiency and environmental sustainability in the lower-income economy. GSC Adv Res Rev 12(1):068–083. https://doi.org/10.30574/gscarr.2022.12.1.0190
Qamruzzaman M (2022b) Nexus between foreign direct investments renewable energy consumption: what is the role of government debt? Int J Multidiscip Res Growth Eval 3(3):514–522
Qamruzzaman M (2022c) Nexus between renewable energy, foreign direct investment, and agro-productivity: the mediating role of carbon emission. Renewable Energy 184:526–540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.11.092
Qamruzzaman M, Jianguo W (2018) SME financing innovation and SME development in Bangladesh: an application of ARDL. J Small Bus Entrep:1–25
Qamruzzaman M, Jianguo W, Jahan S, Yingjun Z (2020) Financial innovation, human capital development, and economic growth of selected South Asian countries: an application of ARDL approach. Int J Financ Econ
Qamruzzaman M, Karim S (2020a) Do remittance and financial innovation causes stock price through financial development: an application of nonlinear framework
Qamruzzaman M, Karim S (2020b) Nexus between economic volatility, trade opennes and FDI: an application of ARDL, NARDL and asymmetric causalty. Asian Econ Financ Rev 10(7):790–807
Qamruzzaman M, Karim S, Jahan I (2022) Nexus between economic policy uncertainty, foreign direct investment, government debt and renewable energy consumption in 13 top oil importing nations: evidence from the symmetric and asymmetric investigation. Renewable Energy 195:121–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.05.168
Quinonez P, Saenz J, Solorzano J (2018) Does foreign direct investment reduce poverty? The case of Latin America in the twenty-first century. Bus Econ Horiz (BEH) 14(1232-2019–851):488–500
Rashid RN, Saeed MK, Ali H (2022) Impact of human capital on poverty reduction in Pakistan. iRASD J Econ 4(3):419–428
Reiter SL, Steensma HK (2010) Human development and foreign direct investment in developing countries: the influence of FDI policy and corruption. World Dev 38(12):1678–1691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2010.04.005
Remoundou K, Koundouri P (2009) Environmental effects on public health: an economic perspective. Int J Environ Res Public Health 6(8):2160–2178. https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/6/8/2160
Rezk H, Amer G, Fathi N, Sun S (2022) The impact of FDI on income inequality in Egypt. Econ Chang Restruct 55(3):2011–2030. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10644-021-09375-z
Saad S, Bugaje IM (2016) Biomass consumption in Nigeria: trends and policy issues. J Agricult Sustain 9(2)
Sam CY, McNown R, Goh SK (2019) An augmented autoregressive distributed lag bounds test for cointegration. Econ Model 80:130–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2018.11.001
Shahbaz M, Nasir MA, Roubaud D (2018) Environmental degradation in France: the effects of FDI, financial development, and energy innovations. Energy Econ 74:843–857. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2018.07.020
Shamim A, Azeem P, Naqvi SMMA (2014) Impact of foreign direct investment on poverty reduction in Pakistan. Int J Acad Res Bus Soc Sci 4(10):465
Shin Y, Yu B, Greenwood-Nimmo M (2014a) Modelling asymmetric cointegration and dynamic multipliers in a nonlinear ARDL framework. In: Festschrift in Honor of Peter Schmidt. Springer, pp 281–314
Shin Y, Yu B, Greenwood-Nimmo M (2014b) Modelling asymmetric cointegration and dynamic multipliers in a nonlinear ARDL Framework. In: Sickles RC, Horrace WC (eds) Festschrift in Honor of Peter Schmidt: Econometric Methods and Applications. Springer New York, pp 281–314. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-8008-3_9
Sikandar F, Erokhin V, Wang H, Rehman S, Ivolga A (2021) The impact of foreign capital inflows on agriculture development and poverty reduction: panel data analysis for developing countries. Sustainability 13(6):3242. https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/6/3242
Speldewinde PC, Cook A, Davies P, Weinstein P (2009) A relationship between environmental degradation and mental health in rural Western Australia. Health Place 15(3):880–887. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2009.02.011
Su J, Guo S (2022) Human capital and rural households’ vulnerability to relative poverty: evidence from China. Discret Dyn Nat Soc 2022:3960691. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3960691
Suhrke A (1994) Environmental degradation and population flows. J Int Aff 47(2):473–496. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24357292
Sukhadolets T, Stupnikova E, Fomenko N, Kapustina N, Kuznetsov Y (2021) Foreign direct investment (FDI), investment in construction and poverty in economic crises (Denmark, Italy, Germany, Romania, China, India and Russia). Economies 9(4):152. https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7099/9/4/152
Tamazian A, Chousa JP, Vadlamannati KC (2009) Does higher economic and financial development lead to environmental degradation: evidence from BRIC countries. Energy Policy 37(1):246–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.08.025
Thiam DR (2011) Renewable energy, poverty alleviation and developing nations: evidence from Senegal. J Energy South Afr 22(3):23–34
Tirtosuharto D (2022) The impact of fiscal efficiency on poverty reduction in Indonesia: institutional factor and geographical differences. J Geogr Syst 24(1):67–93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10109-021-00359-1
Tsaurai K (2022) Human capital development, remittances, and poverty in Central and Eastern European countries: what do the data tell us? Comp Econ Res Cent East Eur 25(1):23–38
Ucal MŞ (2014) Panel data analysis of foreign direct investment and poverty from the perspective of developing countries. Procedia Soc Behav Sci 109:1101–1105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.12.594
Uddin PSO (2013) The role of technical and vocational education in poverty reduction among youths in Nigeria. J Emerg Trends Educ Res Policy Stud 4(4):613–617. https://doi.org/10.10520/EJC142158
Uttama NP (2015) Foreign direct investment and the poverty reduction nexus in Southeast Asia. Poverty reduction policies and practices in developing Asia, p 281
Wedgwood R (2007) Education and poverty reduction in Tanzania. Int J Educ Dev 27(4):383–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2006.10.005
Wei X, Mohsin M, Zhang Q (2022) Role of foreign direct investment and economic growth in renewable energy development. Renewable Energy 192:828–837. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.04.062
Wirawan H, Gultom YML (2021) The effects of renewable energy-based village grid electrification on poverty reduction in remote areas: the case of Indonesia. Energy Sustain Dev 62:186–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2021.04.006
Woldehanna T, Tafere Y, Yonis MB (2022) Social capital as a double-edged sword for sustained poverty escapes in Ethiopia. World Dev 158:105969. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.105969
Wu J, Si S (2018) Poverty reduction through entrepreneurship: incentives, social networks, and sustainability. Asian Bus Manag 17(4):243–259. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41291-018-0039-5
Xu S, Qamruzzaman M, Adow AH (2021) Is financial innovation bestowed or a curse for economic sustainably: the mediating role of economic policy uncertainty. Sustainability 13(4):2391
Yang M (2003) China’s rural electrification and poverty reduction. Energy Policy 31(3):283–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-4215(02)00041-1
Yu Y, Liu Q (2022) An empirical study on correlation among poverty, inclusive finance, and CO2 emissions in China. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29(47):71400–71411. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19901-9
Zaman K, Khan MM, Ahmad M (2012) RETRACTED: The relationship between foreign direct investment and pro-poor growth policies in Pakistan: the new interface. Econ Model 29(4):1220–1227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2012.04.020
Zhang Q, Yang J, Sun Z, Wu F (2017) Analyzing the impact factors of energy-related CO2 emissions in China: what can spatial panel regressions tell us? J Clean Prod 161:1085–1093. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.05.071
Zhu Y, Bashir S, Marie M (2022) Assessing the relationship between poverty and economic growth: does sustainable development goal can be achieved? Environ Sci Pollut Res 29(19):27613–27623. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-18240-5
Zhuo J, Qamruzzaman M (2022) Do financial development, FDI, and globalization intensify environmental degradation through the channel of energy consumption: evidence from belt and road countries. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29(2):2753–2772
Zivot E, Andrews DWK (2002) Further evidence on the great crash, the oil-price shock, and the unit-root hypothesis. J Bus Econ Stat 20(1):25–44
Funding
This study is Funded by the Institute for Advanced Research Publication Grant of United International University, Ref. No.: IAR-2023-Pub-001.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
MQ: conceptualization; methodology; estimation; final preparation. SK: literature review; discussion; first draft. SK: conceptualization; literature review; first draft.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethical approval
Not applicable
Consent to participate
Not applicable
Consent to publish
Not applicable
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Ilhan Ozturk
Publisher's note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Qamruzzaman, M., Karim, S. & Kor, S. Does environmental degradation matter for poverty? Clarifying the nexus between FDI, environmental degradation, renewable energy, education, and poverty in Morocco and Tunisia. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 52872–52894 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-25954-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-25954-1