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Development and evaluation of sunscreen cream containing solid lipid nanoparticles of Spinacia oleraceae

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A Correction to this article was published on 05 April 2023

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Abstract

More research is needed to understand the benefits of environmentally safe and human-friendly herbal-based sunscreen agents against ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Because of the toxicity of synthetic chemicals in photoprotective agents, researchers were increasingly focusing on herbal photoprotective formulations. The photoprotective agent’s skin retention can be considerably improved by forming solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN). The study’s objective is to evaluate the photoprotective potential of sunscreen cream containing spinach (Spinacia oleracea)-loaded SLN. A solvent emulsification technique was used to develop the spinach-loaded SLN. The various characterization techniques of the developed SLN were performed. Out of all the formulations, the optimized one was fitted into cream and estimated for its photoprotective action. The images obtained from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed the morphological characteristics of the prepared SLN. The sunscreen cream’s viscosity, spreadability, extrudability, and release rate were within acceptable limits. The formulation’s in vitro and in vivo sun protection factor (SPF) was reported to be 15.9 and 14.75, respectively. The results indicated that the prepared formulation possesses good photoprotective action. The accelerated stability tests were carried out with no noticeable changes in the parameters. Our work demonstrated the possibility of using spinach-loaded SLN as a photoprotective agent in cosmetic formulations.

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Acknowledgements

The authors extend their appreciation to the Ministry of Education in KSA for funding this research work through project number KKU-IFP2-H-25.

Funding

The authors extend their appreciation to the Ministry of Education in KSA for funding this research work through project number KKU-IFP2-H-25.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmaceutics, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nitte (Deemed to Be University), Mangalore, 575018, Karnataka, India

    Vijisha Taniyadukkam, Jobin Jose & Akshay Bandiwadekar

  2. Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences in Khamis Mushait, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

    Naseer Maliyakkal & Muhammad Ali Abdullah Almoyad

  3. Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India

    Asmy Appadath Beeran

  4. Chrono-Environment Laboratory, CNRS-6249, Bourgogne Franche-Comte University, Besancon, France

    Lotfi Aleya

Authors
  1. Vijisha Taniyadukkam
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  2. Jobin Jose
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  3. Naseer Maliyakkal
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  4. Asmy Appadath Beeran
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  5. Muhammad Ali Abdullah Almoyad
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  6. Lotfi Aleya
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  7. Akshay Bandiwadekar
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Contributions

Conceptualization, Jobin Jose; methodology, Vijisha, Naseer, Asmy Appadath, Muhammad Ali, Akshay; characterization, Naseer, Asmy Appadath, Muhammad Ali; in vivo studies, Vijisha, Akshay; writing—original draft preparation, Vijisha, Akshay; visualization, Vijisha, Akshay; editing, Jobin Jose, Lotfi Aleya; supervision, Jobin Jose, Lotfi Aleya.

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Correspondence to Jobin Jose.

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The ethical clearance was obtained from the IAEC for conducting the animal experiment (approval number NGSMIPS/IACE-2019–147).

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The authors declare no competing interests.

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Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues

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The original online version of this article was revised: The Funding and Acknowledgment text is updated in the original published proof.

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Taniyadukkam, V., Jose, J., Maliyakkal, N. et al. Development and evaluation of sunscreen cream containing solid lipid nanoparticles of Spinacia oleraceae. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 51782–51791 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-25947-0

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-25947-0

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