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Human health risk assessment of metals and arsenic via consumption of commercial bivalves in the Gulf of California, Mexico

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Abstract

Although various studies have reported the bioaccumulation of metals in bivalves of commercial interest from the Gulf of California (GC), the risk associated with their consumption remains poorly understood. In this study, our own and bibliographic concentrations of 14 elements in 16 species of bivalves from 23 locations were used to investigate (1) the species-specific and regional accumulation of metals and arsenic in bivalves, (2) the human health risks by age and sex, and (3) the maximum allowable consumption rates (CRlim). The assessments were done according to the US Environmental Protection Agency guidelines. The results indicate that the bioaccumulation of elements varies markedly between groups (oysters > mussels > clams) and localities (higher on Sinaloa due to intense anthropogenic activities). However, consuming bivalves from the GC remains safe for human health. To prevent health effects for residents or consumers on the GC, we recommend (1) following the CRlim proposed herein; (2) monitoring levels of Cd, Pb, and As (inorganic) in bivalves, as the elements of top concern, mainly when are consumed by children; (3) calculating CRlim for more species and locations, including at least: As, Al, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn; and (4) determine the regional consumption rates of bivalves.

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Data availability

The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Abbreviations

ARL:

Maximum acceptable cancer risk level

BW:

Average body weight

CR:

Carcinogenic risk

CRlim:

Maximum allowable consumption rate per person

CX/FAC:

Joint FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission

EDI:

Estimated daily intake

EFSA:

European Food Safety Authority

FAO:

Food and Agriculture Organization

FSSAI:

Food Safety and Standards Authority of India

GC:

Gulf of California

HI:

Hazard index

IARC:

International Agency for Research on Cancer;

IR:

Average ingestion rate

MC:

Average metal concentration

MPI:

Metal pollution index

MS:

Average meal size

NOM:

Official Mexican Standards

PTDI:

Provisional tolerable daily intake

RfD:

Reference dose for oral exposure

SF:

Oral slope factor of carcinogens

T ap :

Averaging period

THQ:

Target hazard quotient

US EPA:

US Environmental Protection Agency

WHO:

World Health Organization

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank PTech Angella Mercer for her help with the laboratory analysis.

Funding

This research was supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Discovery grant, the Canada Research Chairs program, the Canadian Rivers Institute, the Research and Postgraduate Secretariat of Mexico (SIP) (Project No. 2023 and 20195375), the Commission for the Operation and Promotion of Academic Activities of the National Polytechnic Institute grant (COFAA, IPN), the Researcher Performance Incentive Program grant (EDI), and the National System of Researchers of the National Council of Science and Technology grant (SNI-CONACyT) (Res. File No.120662).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada

    Nefertiti Taydé Roldán-Wong

  2. Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional S/N Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita. C.P. 23096, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico

    Bertha Patricia Ceballos-Vázquez, Evgueni Shumilin & Marcial Arellano-Martínez

  3. Departamento Académico de Ciencias Marinas y Costeras, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, Carretera Al Sur KM 5.5, C.P. 23080, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico

    Josué Alonso Yee-Duarte

  4. Asociación de Científicos del Mar de Baja California Sur, S. de R.L. de C.V. Calle Sin Nombre Entre Miguel Alemán y Callejón Dos, Col. El Centenario. C.P. 23205, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico

    Marian Alejandra Camacho-Mondragón

  5. Department of Biology and School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada

    Karen A. Kidd

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  1. Nefertiti Taydé Roldán-Wong
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  6. Evgueni Shumilin
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  7. Marcial Arellano-Martínez
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Nefertiti Taydé Roldán-Wong and Josué Alonso Yee-Duarte took part in material preparation, data collection, and conceptualization; Bertha Patricia Ceballos-Vázquez, Evgueni Shumilin, and Karen A. Kidd took part in methodology and analysis; Nefertiti Taydé Roldán-Wong, Josué Alonso Yee-Duarte, and Marian Alejandra Camacho-Mondragón took part in writing the original draft; Karen A. Kidd, Marcial Arellano-Martínez, and Bertha Patricia Ceballos-Vázquez involved in review and editing; Marcial Arellano-Martínez took part in supervision. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Marcial Arellano-Martínez.

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Roldán-Wong, N.T., Ceballos-Vázquez, B.P., Yee-Duarte, J.A. et al. Human health risk assessment of metals and arsenic via consumption of commercial bivalves in the Gulf of California, Mexico. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 51692–51710 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-25841-9

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