Abstract
Free formaldehyde is a carcinogen whose emission reduction in particleboard has been studied recently to mitigate this environmental and human health problem. One alternative to reduce the emission of formaldehyde in particleboards is by using adhesives produced from natural sources. Cardanol-formaldehyde is an environmentally friendly adhesive made with cashew nut liquid, a byproduct from the cashew chain. This work aimed to produce particleboard using cardanol-formaldehyde in place of urea. In addition, different proportions of bean straw wastes were used to replace pine wood. The combination of eco-friendly adhesive and lignocellulosic waste particles could result in a product that meets market demands while being environmentally nonaggressive. Cardanol-formaldehyde promoted a higher modulus of elasticity (MOE) (1172 MPa) and modulus of rupture (MOR) (4.39 MPa) about panels glued with urea–formaldehyde, which presented a MOE of 764 MPa and MOR of 2.45 MPa. Furthermore, the cardanol-formaldehyde adhesive promoted a 93% reduction in formaldehyde emission, with a reduction from 16.76 to 1.09 mg/100 g oven-dry board for particleboards produced with cardanol-formaldehyde, indicating potential as an adhesive in the particleboard industry.
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Data availability
The datasets supporting the conclusions are included in the manuscript. Furthermore, the datasets analyzed in this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.
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Acknowledgements
We are especially grateful to the Postgraduate Program in Biomaterials Engineering (PPGBIOMAT) of the Federal University of Lavras (UFLA) for providing material and infrastructure. The authors are also grateful to the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq finance code 300985/2022). We also thank the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amapá (FAPEAP) for the postdoctoral scholarships (financial code: 0022.0279.1202.0016/2021 – PROPESP).
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Douglas Lamounier Faria: conceptualization, investigation, data curation, and writing — original draft. Mário Vanoli Scatolino, Juliano Elvis de Oliveira, Julio Soriano, Thiago de Paula Protásio, and Luisa Maria Hora de Carvalho: conceptualization, methodology, validation, writing — original draft. Fabricio Gomes Gonçalves and Roberto Carlos Costa Lelis: investigation, methodology, validation, writing — original draft. Lourival Marin Mendes and José Benedito Guimarães Junior: funding acquisition, supervision, resources, project administration.
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Faria, D.L., Scatolino, M.V., de Oliveira, J.E. et al. Cardanol-based adhesive with reduced formaldehyde emission to produce particleboards with waste from bean crops. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 48270–48287 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-25764-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-25764-5