Abstract
Hydrogen additives to Simarouba glauca vegetable oil (SO) are a common method for addressing the difficulties in combustion caused by SO’s poor physical qualities. This research intends to examine parameters such as performance, emission, and combustion characteristics when hydrogen is used as a direct/indirect addition in a SO-fuelled compression ignition (CI) engine. Hydrogen was directly introduced along with intake air until the knocking limit. Experiment was conducted at different load conduction with SO. Through the hydrotreatment process, hydrogen was used in a roundabout way to convert SO to green diesel. Hydrotreated Simarouba vegetable oil (HTSO) enhanced brake thermal efficiency by 23% at full load, whereas direct hydrogen induction improved it by 9% at knock limit. Hydrogen induction resulted in higher NOx emissions than HTSO, at the expense of a slight rise in smoke emissions. Addition of hydrogen lowered both HC and CO emissions directly and indirectly.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
All the research data used in the study are available in the manuscript.
Abbreviations
- CI:
-
Compression ignition
- CO:
-
Carbon monoxide
- EGR:
-
Exhaust gas recirculation
- HVO:
-
Hydrotreated vegetable oil
- HC:
-
Hydrocarbon
- HTSO:
-
Hydrotreatment Simarouba oil (green diesel)
- SO:
-
Simarouba glauca Oil
- SOC:
-
Start of combustion
- NOx:
-
Oxide of nitrogen
- BTE:
-
Brake thermal engineering
References
Agarwal AK, Mustafi NN (2021) Real-world automotive emissions: monitoring methodologies, and control measures. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 137:110624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110624
Banapurmath NR, Chandrashekar TK, Soudagar ME, Anqi AE, Mujtaba MA, Goodarzi M, Elfasakhany A, Siddiqui MI, Ali MA (2021) Effect of parameters behavior of Simarouba methyl ester operated diesel engine. Energies 14(16):4973. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14164973
Baudry G, Macharis C, Vallée T (2018) Can microalgae biodiesel contribute to achieve the sustainability objectives in the transport sector in France by 2030? A comparison between first, second and third generation biofuels though a range-based Multi-Actor Multi-Criteria Analysis. Energy 155:1032–1046. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.05.038
Bhardwaj O, Kolbeck A, Kkoerfer T, Honkanen M (2013) Potential of hydrogenated vegetable oil (HVO) in future high efficiency combustion system. SAE Int J Fuels Lubrication 6:157–169
Chacko N, Johnson C, Varadarajan P et al (2021) A comparative evaluation of cetane enhancing techniques for improving the smoke, NOx and BSFC trade-off in an automotive diesel engine. Fuel 289:119918. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.119918
Chelladorai P, Varuvel EG, Martin LJ, Bedhannan N (2018) Synergistic effect of hydrogen induction with biofuel obtained from winery waste (grapeseed oil) for CI engine application. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 43(27):12473–12490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.04.155
Correa DF, Beyer HL, Fargione JE, Hill JD, Possingham HP, Thomas-Hall SR, Schenk PM (2019) Towards the implementation of sustainable biofuel production systems. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 107:250–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.03.005
Deshwar P, Kumar G, Subramanian B et al (2023) Simultaneous reduction of no X and smoke emissions in gasoline-ethanol blended RCCI engine with biogas as a ternary fuel. https://doi.org/10.1615/InterJEnerCleanEnv.2022040767
Devan PK, Mahalakshmi NV (2009) A study of the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a compression ignition engine using methyl ester of paradise oil–eucalyptus oil blends. Appl Energy 86(5):675–680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2008.07.008
Geo VE, Nagarajan G, Nagalingam B (2009) Experimental investigations to improve the performance of rubber seed oil–fueled diesel engine by dual fueling with hydrogen. Int J Green Energy 6(4):343–358. https://doi.org/10.1080/15435070903106991
Hemanandh J, Narayanan KV (2015) Emission and performance analysis of hydrotreated refined sunflower oil as alternate fuel. Alexandria Eng J 54(3):389–393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2015.04.004
Jeyaseelan T, Chacko N, N P, et al (2021a) Partial hydrogenation and hydrogen induction: a comparative study with B20 operation in a turbocharged CRDI diesel engine. Int J Hydrogen Energy 46:22659–22669. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.04.068
Jeyaseelan T, Chacko N, Pushyanth N, Alexander J, Porpatham E (2021) Partial hydrogenation and hydrogen induction: A comparative study with B20 operation in a turbocharged CRDI diesel engine. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 46(43):22659–22669. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.04.068
Kim D, Kim S, Oh S, No S-Y (2014) Engine performance and emission characteristics of hydrotreated vegetable oil in light duty diesel engines. Fuel 125:36–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2014.01.089
Loganathan M, Thanigaivelan V, Madhavan VM, Anbarasu A, Velmurugan A (2020) The synergetic effect between hydrogen addition and EGR on cashew nut shell liquid biofuel-diesel operated engine. Fuel 266:117004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.117004
Mathan Raj V, Ganapathy Subramanian LR, Thiyagarajan S, Edwin Geo V (2018) Effects of minor addition of aliphatic (1-pentanol) and aromatic (benzyl alcohol) alcohols in Simarouba Glauca-diesel blend fuelled CI engine. Fuel 234:934–943. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.07.122
Mofijur M, Siddiki SYA, Shuvho MBA, Djavanroodi F, Fattah IMR, Ong HC, Chowdhury MA, Mahlia TMI (2020) Effect of nanocatalysts on the transesterification reaction of first, second and third generation biodiesel sources- a mini-review. Chemosphere 270:128642
Pechout M, Kotek M, Jindra P et al (2019) Comparison of hydrogenated vegetable oil and biodiesel effects on combustion, unregulated and regulated gaseous pollutants and DPF regeneration procedure in a Euro6 car. Sci Total Environ 696:133748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133748
Rezania S, Oryani B, Park J, Hashemi B, Yadav KK, Kwon EE, Hur J, Cho J (2019) Review on transesterification of non-edible sources for biodiesel production with a focus on economic aspects, fuel properties and by-product applications. Energy Conversion and Management 201:112155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2019.112155
Salvi BL, Panwar NL (2012) Biodiesel resources and production technologies – a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 16(6):3680–3689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.03.050
Senthil Kumar M, Karthic SV, Pradeep P (2018) Investigations on the influence of ethanol and water injection techniques on engine’s behavior of a hydrogen - biofuel based dual fuel engine. Int J Hydrogen Energy 43(45):21090–21101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.09.145
Subramanian B, Thangavel V (2020) Experimental investigations on performance, emission and combustion characteristics of diesel-hydrogen and diesel-HHO gas in a dual fuel ci engine. Int J Hydrogen Energy 45:25479–25492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.06.280
Subramanian T, Varuvel EG, Leenus JM, Beddhannan N (2018) Effect of electrochemical conversion of biofuels using ionization system on CO2 emission mitigation in CI engine along with post-combustion system. Fuel Process Technol 173:21–29
Subramanian B, Lakshmaiya N, Ramasamy D, Devarajan Y (2022) Detailed analysis on engine operating in dual fuel mode with different energy fractions of sustainable HHO gas. Environ Prog Sustain Energy 41:e13850. https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.13850
Thiyagarajan S, Geo VE, Martin LJ, Nagalingam B (2017) Simultaneous reduction of NO–smoke–CO2 emission in a biodiesel engine using low-carbon biofuel and exhaust after-treatment system. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 19(5):1271–1283. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-016-1326-5
Varuvel EG, Prabhu C, Thiyagarajan S, Maiyalagan T, Aloui F (2020) Comparative analysis of various techniques to improve the performance of novel wheat germ oil – an experimental study. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 45(9):5745–5756. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.05.198
Vijayaragavan M, Subramanian B, Sudhakar S, Natrayan L (2021) Effect of induction on exhaust gas recirculation and hydrogen gas in compression ignition engine with simarouba oil in dual fuel mode. Int J Hydrogen Energy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.11.201
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Pelluru suresh contributed to answering the reviewers’ comments. The final manuscript was verified by Dr. Mathanraj V. Further, all authors read and approved the final manuscript for submission.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval
The research did not involve human or animal participants, and there was no release of harmful substance to the environment as a result of the study. The authors followed the rules for good scientific practice, as described in the author guidelines.
Consent to participate
Not applicable, as there were no human participants in the study.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues
Publisher's note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Highlights
• Simarouba oil with direct and indirect (Green Diesel) Hydrogen induction were investigated as alternative fuel.
• Simarouba green diesel is converted by hydrotreatment process from Simarouba glauca oil and which is investigated.
• Simarouba oil is a reasonable alternative fuel for diesel engines.
• Hydrogen enrichment in inlet manifold changes the engine emissions for both fuels.
• The presence of hydrogen leaves unchanged the auto-ignition delay of the base fuels.
• Operating characteristics of test fuels were evaluated experimentally.
• H2 enrichment is a promising alternative for diesel engines which reduced pollution in atmosphere.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Suresh, P., Vijayaragavan, M. Experimental investigation on use of hydrotreated Simarouba oil (green diesel) and hydrogen gas in a dual-fuel CI engine. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 36033–36043 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-24829-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-24829-1