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Activation of peroxymonosulfate by catalysts derived from water treatment plant sludge for the simultaneous removal of Disperse Blue 56 and phosphates

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Abstract

In this study, calcined water treatment plant sludge (C-WTPS) was used as a catalyst for peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation to simultaneously remove Disperse Blue 56 (DB56) and phosphates. Firstly, the performance of the C-WTPS/PMS system was examined for the degradation of DB56. The results showed that 96.7% of DB56 (400 mg L−1) was removed within 60 min in the presence of 4.8 g L−1 PMS and 0.8 g L−1 C-WTPS at pH 3 and 50 °C. Hydroxyl radicals (·OH), sulfate radicals (SO4·−), and singlet oxygen (1O2) were generated during the oxidation process, and 1O2 was the main active species. The relatively high surface area, proper Fe content, and abundant ketone groups on the catalyst surface were responsible for PMS activation. Furthermore, the possible degradation pathways of DB56 were proposed based on the gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) results. Secondly, the simultaneous removal of DB56 and phosphates by the C-WTPS/PMS system was investigated. Due to the different removal mechanisms, the effects of the initial phosphate concentration and water matrix species on the removal of DB56 and phosphates showed different trends. Reusability tests results showed that C-WTPS had relatively high stability. In addition, the C-WTPS/PMS system exhibited a high decolorization ratio and phosphate removal efficiency in real wastewater tests. This article offers a value-added approach for reusing WTPS as a catalyst for treating organic contaminants and phosphates.

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Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Fund of China (Grant No. 51878300), the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province of China (Grant No. 2019J01052), and the Science and Technology Project Foundation of Xiamen City (Grant No. 3502Z20203044).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Jimei Avenue 668, Xiamen, 361021, Jimei District, China

    Xing Tang, Hongyi Jin, Jing Zou, Shupo Liu, Fei Li & Zhenming Zhou

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  1. Xing Tang
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Contributions

Zhenming ZHOU received support from the funding. Zhenming ZHOU conceived and designed the study. Xing Tang and Hongyi Jin performed eligibility screening and data extraction. Xing Tang analyzed the data and performed the statistical analysis, as well as wrote the initial manuscript. Shupo Liu and Fei LI critically revised the manuscript. Jing Zou polished the English language.

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Correspondence to Zhenming Zhou.

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Tang, X., Jin, H., Zou, J. et al. Activation of peroxymonosulfate by catalysts derived from water treatment plant sludge for the simultaneous removal of Disperse Blue 56 and phosphates. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 35683–35697 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-24792-x

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