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Naringin administration mitigates oxidative stress, anemia, and hypertension in lead acetate-induced cardio-renal dysfunction in cockerel chicks

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Abstract

Lead is one of the major pollutants that is harmful to both animals and humans. It is found in every aspect of the environment such as the air, water, and soil. This pollutant affects both wild and domestic birds. Naringin has an active principle called flavonoid that has been found to have medicinal properties, mostly because of its antioxidant and metal chelating properties. This study was carried out to investigate the protective effect of naringin as an antioxidant against lead-induced anemia, cardio and nephrotoxicity, and hypertension. This study also aimed at elucidating the use of naringin as a heavy metal binder in poultry feed. Thirty-six cockerel chicks were used for this study, and randomly grouped into six groups per group; group A served as the control, group B received Pb-only (300 ppm), group C (Pb and naringin; 80 mg/kg), group D (Pb and naringin; 160 mg/kg), group E (naringin 80 mg/kg), and group F (naringin 160 mg/kg), respectively, for 8 weeks. Lead (Pb) was administered via drinking water, while naringin was administered via oral gavage. Lead acetate intoxication precipitated anemia as indicated by significant reductions in the values of PCV, RBC, and Hb concentration in lead-treated chicks when compared with the controls. Also, lead administration induced hypertension together with increased oxidative stress, depletion of the antioxidant defense system, reduced nitric oxide production, and an increase in high blood pressure. Immunohistochemistry indicated high expressions of cardiac troponin, renal angiotensin-converting enzymes, and renal neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin. Treatment with naringin corrected anemia, reduced oxidative stress, improved antioxidant system, reduced high blood pressure, and offered protection against lead acetate-induced cardio-renal dysfunction in cockerel chicks. We recommend that naringin should be incorporated poultry feeds as a metal binder.

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Data availability

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Abbreviations

IHC:

Immunohistochemistry

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

GPx:

Glutathione peroxidase

GSH:

Reduced glutathione

GST:

Gluthaione S-transferase

NO:

Nitric oxide

MPO:

Myeloperoxidase

MDA:

Malondialdhyde

H2O2 :

Hydrogen peroxide

EDC:

Endocrine-disrupting chemical

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

NF-κβ:

Nuclear factor kappa

TP:

Total protein

RBC:

Red blood cell

WBC:

White blood cell

Hb:

Hemoglobulin

ALA:

Aminolaevulinic acid

PCV:

Packed cell volume

NGAL:

Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin

ACE:

Angiotensin-converting enzyme

TNF-α:

Tumor necrosis factor alpha

HTN:

Hypertension

BUN:

Blood urea nitrogen

Pb:

Lead

ECG:

Electrocardiogram

ANOVA:

Analysis of variance

GSSG:

Oxidized glutathione

TBA:

Thiobarbituric acid

CDNB:

1, 2-Dichloro-2, 4-dinitrobenzene

δ-ALAD:

Delta-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase

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Acknowledgements

The authors deeply thank the African Union through the Pan African University Institute of Earth and Life Sciences Institute (PAULESI) for funding this work and Cardio-renal laboratory, University of Ibadan for the facilities used.

Funding

The study was funded by the African Union.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Earth and Life Sciences Institute, Pan African University, Lagos, Nigeria

    Chinomso Gift Ebirim

  2. Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria

    Oluwaseun Esan, Temidayo Olutayo Omobowale & Omolade Abodunrin Oladele

  3. Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria

    Moses Olusola Adetona

  4. Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria

    Ademola Adetokunbo Oyagbemi

  5. Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria

    Adeolu Alex Adedapo

  6. Phytomedicine and Phytochemistry Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville, 7535, South Africa

    Oluwafemi Omoniyi Oguntibeju

  7. Department of Environmental & Interdisciplinary Sciences, College of Science, Engineering & Technology, COPHS, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX, USA

    Momoh Audu Yakubu

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  1. Chinomso Gift Ebirim
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Contributions

The authors, Chinomso Gift Ebirim, Oluwaseun Esan, Ademola Adetokunbo Oyagabemi, and Temidayo Olutayo Omobowale, designed the experiment. Chinomso Gift Ebirim, Oluwaseun Esan, and Ademola Adetokunbo Oyagabemi performed the immunohistochemistry and biochemical assays. The blood pressure and electrocardiogram was performed by Gift Ebirim, Oluwaseun Esan, and Temidayo Olutayo Omobowale. Moses Olusola Adetona, Ademola Adetokunbo Oyagabemi, Temidayo Olutayo Omobowale Omolade Abodunrin Oladele, Adeolu Alex Adedapo, Oluwafemi Oguntibeju, Momoh Audu Yakubu supervised, proof-read and approved the submission.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Oluwaseun Esan.

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Ethical approval

The study was conducted following guidelines approved by the Animal Care and Use Research Ethics Committee (ACUREC) of the University of Ibadan (Approval number: UI-ACUREC/021–0421/16).

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The authors declare no competing interests.

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Ebirim, C.G., Esan, O., Adetona, M.O. et al. Naringin administration mitigates oxidative stress, anemia, and hypertension in lead acetate-induced cardio-renal dysfunction in cockerel chicks. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 34890–34903 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-24656-4

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