Abstract
Water-diesel emulsion fuel has been found as a prominent alternative fuel by various researchers. Alike this technology, cow-urine (Bos indicus urine) emulsified diesel fuel (GMD emulsion) has been explored in this study. Making of homogeneous and stable emulsion is a crucial aspect in this approach while maintaining the diesel standards. Hence, the applicability of this fuel has been examined based on physicochemical properties for diesel engine application. The stability was assessed by creaming index, droplet size, Pdi, and interfacial tension. The minimum droplet size (278 nm) and 0.282 Pdi was obtained with 5.72 HLB value, 4% (v/v) surfactant, and 10% (v/v) of cow-urine through ultra-sonication. The optimized 10% GMD emulsion was found stable for more than 80 days. Viscosity and density of the fuel got increased with cow-urine and surfactant; however, they found within the standard limits. The physicochemical analysis exhibited the feasibility of the GMD emulsion for diesel engine application.
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Abbreviations
- BS:
-
Bharat stage
- CI:
-
Creaming index
- CR:
-
Compression ratio
- Cv :
-
Calorific value
- GM:
-
Gomutra (cow-urine)
- GMD:
-
Gomutra-in-diesel
- HLB:
-
Hydrophile-lipophile balance
- NOx :
-
Oxides of nitrogen
- PDI:
-
Poly-dispersity index
- W/D:
-
Water in diesel
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Acknowledgements
The authors express their sincere gratitude towards the Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Research Center at MNIT Jaipur for providing the research facilities. The authors would like to convey special thanks and acknowledge Mr Jitendra Carpenter, Department of Chemical Engineering for his kind technical support during the entire research work.
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All the authors have contributed to the conception, design, writing, and experimental work performed to prepare this article. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by Amit Jhalani and Pushpendra Kumar Sharma. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Sumit Sharma and Digambar Singh. All authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
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Jhalani, A., Sharma, S., Singh, D. et al. Cow-urine emulsified diesel fuel: preparation, stability, and rheological study for diesel engine application. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31, 10252–10261 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-24578-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-24578-1