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Comprehensive spatio-temporal benchmarking of surface water quality of Hindon River, a tributary of river Yamuna, India: Adopting multivariate statistical approach

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Abstract

The Hindon River is the main tributary of river Yamuna and it is a significant source of surface water, which flows through the major cities of western Uttar Pradesh, India. The indiscriminate development of industries and urbanization along river basin coupled with rapid population growths contribute various amounts of pollutant in the river. Therefore, the present study was conducted to assess the spatial–temporal variability of river water quality (seventeen physicochemical parameters and eight heavy metals) during pre- and post-monsoon seasons for 5 years data at 19 sampling sites along the river stretch. Indices associated with water quality and heavy metals were computed to scale the accurate state of risk associated to its use for drinking and irrigation. During the pre- and post-monsoon seasons, only four sites were found having safe water quality index (WQI) values. The mean heavy metal concentrations are found in order of Zn > Fe > Pb > Cu > Cr > Cd > Ni > Mn. Considering the spatial and temporal distribution, the study benchmarked the water quality of Hindon River for priority attention.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the technical support from Mrs. Priyanka Khantwal, Mrs. Sarita Gupta, and Mr. Ajeet Kumar.

Funding

The work was supported by the Director, ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil and Water Conservation (IISWC), Dehradun.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Dehradun, India

    Anand Kumar Gupta, Ambrish Kumar, Uma Kant Maurya, Deepak Singh, Sadikul Islam, Avinash Chandra Rathore, Ravish Singh & M. Madhu

  2. North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA

    Anand Kumar Gupta

  3. Rajendra Prasad Central Agriculture University, Bihar, India

    Ambrish Kumar

  4. ICAR-National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur, India

    Uma Kant Maurya

  5. Forest Research Institute deemed University, Dehradun, India

    Parmanand Kumar

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  1. Anand Kumar Gupta
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Contributions

Anand Kumar Gupta, Ambrish Kumar, and Uma Kant Maurya conceptualized the research plan and supervised the project. Anand Kumar Gupta, and Sadikul Islam conducted the experiments and analyzed the experimental results. Anand Kumar Gupta and Ravish Singh collected water samples and analyzed physico-chemical parameters of water. Deepak Singh and Parmanand Kumar analyzed samples for heavy metals and prepared GIS map. A C Rathore and M Madhu organized data, including research literature and drawing. Anand Kumar Gupta, Deepak Singh, and Sadikul Islam wrote the manuscript. All authors discussed the results and commented on the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Anand Kumar Gupta.

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Gupta, A.K., Kumar, A., Maurya, U.K. et al. Comprehensive spatio-temporal benchmarking of surface water quality of Hindon River, a tributary of river Yamuna, India: Adopting multivariate statistical approach. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 116804–116830 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-24507-2

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