Abstract
Sodium fluoride (NaF) is one of the neglected environmental toxicants that has continued to silently cause toxicity to both humans and animals. NaF is universally present in water, soil, and atmosphere. The persistent and alarming rate of increase in cardiovascular and renal diseases caused by chemicals such as NaF in mammalian tissues has led to the use of various drugs for the treatment of these diseases. The present study aimed at evaluating the renoprotective and antihypertensive effects of L-arginine against NaF-induced nephrotoxicity. Thirty male Wistar rats (150–180 g) were used in this study. The rats were randomly divided into five groups of six rats each as follows: Control, NaF (300 ppm), NaF + L-arginine (100 mg/kg), NaF + L-arginine (200 mg/kg), and NaF + lisinopril (10 mg/kg). Histopathological examination and immunohistochemistry of renal angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and mineralocorticoid receptor (MCR) were performed. Markers of renal damage, oxidative stress, antioxidant defense system, and blood pressure parameters were determined. L-arginine and lisinopril significantly (P < 0.05) ameliorated the hypertensive effects of NaF. The systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressure of the treated groups were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced compared with the hypertensive group. This finding was concurrent with significantly increased serum bioavailability of nitric oxide in the hypertensive rats treated with L-arginine and lisinopril. Also, there was a significant reduction in the level of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine of hypertensive rats treated with L-arginine and lisinopril. There was a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in markers of oxidative stress such as malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl and concurrent increase in the levels of antioxidant enzymes in the kidney of hypertensive rats treated with L-arginine and lisinopril. The results of this study suggest that L-arginine and lisinopril normalized blood pressure, reduced oxidative stress, and the expression of renal ACE and mineralocorticoid receptor, and improved nitric oxide production. Thus, L-arginine holds promise as a potential therapy against hypertension and renal damage.
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References
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Acknowledgements
The authors deeply thank Prof. O. O. Oguntibeju of Cape Peninsula University of Technology (CPUT), Cape Town, South Africa, for providing some of the antibodies used for this study.
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The authors, Ademola Adetokunbo Oyagabemi, Olusola Adedayo Awodele, and Temidayo Olutayo Omobowale, designed the experiment. Histopathology was carried out by Monsuru Oladunjoye Tijani. The blood pressure was performed by Temitayo Olabisi Ajibade, Olumuyiwa Abiola Adejumobi, and Temidayo Olutayo Omobowale. Olusola Adedayo Awodele and Ademola Adetokunbo Oyagabemi performed the immunohistochemistry and biochemical assays Moses Olusola Adetona, Aduragbenro Deborah A. Adedapo, Temidayo Olutayo Omobowale, Abimbola Obemisola Aro, Olufunke Eunice Ola-Davies, Adebowale Benard Saba, Adeolu Alex Adedapo, Sanah Malomile Nkadimeng, Lyndy Joy McGaw, Prudence Ngalula Kayoka-Kabongo, Oluwafemi Omoniyi Oguntibeju, and Momoh Audu Yakubu supervised, proofread, and approved the submission.
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The study was conducted following guidelines approved by the Animal Care and Use Research Ethics Committee (ACUREC) of the University of Ibadan (Approval number: UIACUREC/19/124).
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Ajibade, T.O., Awodele, O.A., Tijani, M.O. et al. L-arginine and lisinopril supplementation protects against sodium fluoride–induced nephrotoxicity and hypertension by suppressing mineralocorticoid receptor and angiotensin-converting enzyme 3 activity. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 23263–23275 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23784-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23784-1