Abstract
Continuous incorporation of microplastics (MPs) and their fragmented residues into the ecosystem has sparked significant scientific apprehensions about persistence, a multitude of sources, and toxicity impacts on human health and aquatic entities. Overcoming this multifaceted hazard necessitates the development of novel techniques with robust efficiencies to eliminate microplastics from the environmental compartments. Coagulation, flocculation, and membrane filtration are non-destructive techniques but necessitate extra steps for microplastic degradation, whereas biological means have been confirmed less efficient (less than 15% degradation). Recent reports have emphasized advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) as practical treatment alternatives, representing superior catalytic efficacy for microplastic degradation (≈30–95%). Nevertheless, additional investigations should be carried out to evaluate the performance of AOPs in degrading microplastics under real environmental matrices. Moreover, the detection of transformed metabolites, degradation mechanistic insights, and toxicity bioassays are required to substantiate AOP assumption as feasible remediation substitutes. This review focuses on the source, occurrence, discharge, transportation, and associated paramount health risks of microplastics. Advanced oxidation processes–assisted removal of microplastics from the aqueous matrices is thoroughly vetted with up-to-date findings. Factors affecting the degradation of MPs have been discussed in detail. In addition to the generalized mechanistic insights into photocatalytic degradation, the risk assessment of aging intermediates is also comprehended. Finally, the review was concluded by emphasizing current research gaps and incoming research tendencies to provide guidelines for efficiently addressing microplastic pollution.
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Abbreviations
- PXRD:
-
Powder X-ray diffraction
- SAED:
-
Selected area electron diffraction
- HRTEM:
-
High-resolution transmission electron microscopy
- EDX:
-
Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
- XPS:
-
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
- LDPE:
-
Low-density polyethylene
- PET:
-
Polyethylene terephthalate
- uPVC:
-
Unplasticized polyvinylchloride
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Acknowledgements
This work was funded by the National Science Centre, Poland under the research Grant number 2020/37/K/ST8/03805. The listed authors are obliged to their representative universities for providing the literature services.
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K. Rizwan: conceptualization, visualization, writing — original draft. Komal Rizwan: project administration, writing — original draft. M. Bilal: investigation, formal analysis, writing — review & editing. K. Rizwan: supervision, writing — review & editing. M. Bilal: formal analysis, writing — review & editing. Both authors reviewed the manuscript and approved it for publication.
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Rizwan, K., Bilal, M. Developments in advanced oxidation processes for removal of microplastics from aqueous matrices. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 86933–86953 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23545-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23545-0