Abstract
The prevalence of bisphenols (BPs) has been well documented in the aquatic environment of many countries, but such studies from India are quite limited. The present work aimed to determine the occurrence of BPs in surface water (n = 96), tap water (n = 172), and packaged drinking water (n = 42) and estimate their exposure to humans. For this, a simple, sensitive, cost-effective, and green analytical chemistry method based on dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) was employed. Bisphenol A (BPA) was found as the most prevalent bisphenol (mean concentration range = 980–6470 ng/L) in all the water samples, with a % detection frequency of 17–39%. Bisphenol S (BPS) and bisphenol Z (BPZ) were also detected in all types of water samples. The mean estimated daily intake (EDI) for total BPs (tap water and packaged drinking water) was found to be 474.37 ng/kg b.w./day in adults and 665.65 ng/kg b.w./day in children, respectively. This indicated that the total exposure to all the detected BPs obtained for adults and children was lower than the temporary tolerable daily intake (t-TDI) recommended by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (4 μg/kg b.w./day), thereby posing no substantial risks to humans from consuming water from the tap and/or packaged drinking water.
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Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank The Director, CSIR – Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (IITR), for providing facilities and infrastructure for the study. The authors are grateful to the CSIR-FOCUS mission for providing generous funding to execute the proposed work. Authors Kajal Karsauliya and Manisha Bhateria are thankful to the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) for providing the fellowship. Authors Chandrasekharan Yahavi and Ashish Kumar Sonker are thankful to University Grant Commission (UGC) for providing the fellowship. The CSIR-IITR communication number for this manuscript is IITR/SEC/2021-2022/48.
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Kajal Karsauliya: methodology, formal analysis and investigation, writing – original draft preparation. Manisha Bhateria: methodology, formal analysis and investigation, writing – review and editing. Ashish Sonker: methodology, formal analysis and investigation. Chandrasekharan Yahavi: methodology, writing – original draft preparation. Shashyendra Singh Gautam: methodology. Shweta Karsauliya: graphical representation of data. Sheelendra Pratap Singh: conceptualization, experiment design, supervision, writing – review and editing, funding acquisition.
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Karsauliya, K., Bhateria, M., Sonker, A.K. et al. Detection of bisphenols in Indian surface water, tap water, and packaged drinking water using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction: exposure assessment for health risk. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 17776–17790 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23293-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23293-1