Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Study on the biodegradability improvement of 2,4 dinitrophenol in wastewater using advanced oxidation/reduction process with UV/SO3/ZnO

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Environmental Science and Pollution Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

2,4-Dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP) is a toxic compound that is widely used in many industrial and agricultural processes. This compound has low biodegradability in the environment due to its aromatic structure, and it is unsuccessfully eliminated by other chemical methods. Therefore, in this study, an integrated oxidation and reduction method was used to remove 2,4-DNP from the aqueous medium, in order to simultaneously use the benefits of oxidizing and reducing radicals in 2,4-DNP degradation. 2,4-DNP degradation was modeled by response surface methodology (RSM) and central composite design (CCD). According to the results obtained from RSM, the optimal values for the studied parameters were obtained at pH = 8.9, time = 25 min, ZnO dose = 0.78 g/L, SO3 = 1.89 mmolL−1 and 2,4-DNP concentration = 5 mg/L. Also, the removal efficiency with the integrated process was 3 to 4 times higher than the advanced oxidation or advanced reduction processes alone. Analysis of the data showed that at the time of the study, 2,4-DNP had been converted to linear hydrocarbons, and increased periods of time were required for complete mineralization. A decrease in the first-order model rate constant (kobs) and an increase in 2,4-DNP degradation rate (robs) were observed at higher DNP concentrations.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig 4.
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

Only the data described in this work is available, and there are no other links.

References

  • Ahuja S (2018) Advances in water purification techniques, 1st edn. Elsevier, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  • Azarpira H, Sadani M, Abtahi M, Vaezi N, Rezaei S, Atafar Z et al (2019) Photo-catalytic degradation of triclosan with UV/iodide/ZnO process: performance, kinetic, degradation pathway, energy consumption and toxicology. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 371:423–432

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Azizi S, Sarkhosh M, Asghar A, Mohseni M, Maaza M, Sadani M (2021) Degradation of codeine phosphate by simultaneous usage of eaq- and •OH radicals in photo-redox processes: influencing factors, energy consumption, kinetics, intermediate products and degradation pathways. Optik 243:167415

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bagal VM, Lele BJ, Gogate PR (2013) Removal of 2,4-dinitrophenol using hybrid methods based on ultrasound at an operating capacity of 7 L. Ultrason Sonochem 20(5):1217–1225

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Behnajady MA, Vahid B, Modirshahla N, Shokri M (2009) Evaluation of electrical energy per order (EEO) with kinetic modeling on the removal of malachite green by US/UV/H2O2 process. Desalination 249:99–103

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dadban S, Sadeghi M, Shahryari A, Okhovat N, Bahrami F, Baneshi MM (2015) Heterogeneous catalytic ozonation of 2, 4-dinitrophenol in aqueous solution by magnetic carbonaceous nanocomposite: catalytic activity and mechanism. Deswater 57(43):20447–20456

    Google Scholar 

  • Daneshvar N, Aleboyeh A, Khatae AR (2005) The evaluation of electrical energy per order (EEo) for photooxidative decolorization of four textile dye solutions by the kinetic model. Chemosphere 59:761–767

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Daraei H, Manshouri M, Yazdanbakhsh AR (2010) Removal of phenol from aqueous solution using ostrich feathers ash. J Maz Univ Med Sci 20(79):81–87

    Google Scholar 

  • Daraei H, Abdeltif A, Kamali H (2017) Assessment of phenol removal efficiency by synthesized zero iron nanoparticles and Fe powder using the response surface methodology. Iran J Chem Chem Eng 36:137–146

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dehghani M, Jaafari J, Alghasi A, Porkar G (2011) Using medium pressure ultraviolet reactor for removing azo dyes in textile wastewater treatment plant. World Appl Sci J 12(6):797–802

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deng Y, Ezyske CM (2011) Sulfate radical-advanced oxidation process (SR-AOP) for simultaneous removal of refractory organic contaminants and ammonia in landfill leachate. Water Res 45(18):6189–6194

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Entezari M, Godini H, Sheikhmohammadi A, Esrafili A (2019) Enhanced degradation of polychlorinated biphenyls with simultaneous usage of reductive and oxidative agents over UV/sulfite/TiO2 process as a new approach of advanced oxidation/reduction processes. J Water Process Eng 32:100983

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • González-Sarrías A, Espín JC, Tomás-Barberán FA (2017) Non-extractable polyphenols produce gut microbiota metabolites that persist in circulation and show anti-inflammatory and free radical-scavenging effects. Trends Food Sci Technol 69:281–288

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jeong J, Song W, Cooper WJ, Jung J, Greaves J (2010) Degradation of tetracycline antibiotics: mechanisms and kinetic studies for advanced oxidation/reduction processes. Chemosphere 78(5):533–540

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khan S, He X, Khan JA, Khan HM, Boccelli DL, Dionysiou DD (2017) Kinetics and mechanism of sulfateradical- and hydroxyl radical-induced degradation of highly chlorinated pesticide lindane in UV/peroxymonosulfate system. Chem Eng J 318:135–142

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khan MF, Yu L, Achari G, Tay JH (2019) Degradation of sulfolane in aqueous media by integrating activated sludge and advanced oxidation process. Chemosphere 222:1–8

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu X, Yoon S, Batchelor B, Wahab AA (2013) Degradation of vinyl chloride (VC) by the sulfite/UV advanced reduction process (ARP): effects of process variables and a kinetic model. Sci Total Environ 454–455:578–583

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu X, Zhong J, Fang L, Wang L, Ye M, Shao Y, Li J, Zhang T (2016) Trichloroaceticacid reduction by an advanced reduction process based on carboxyl anion radical. Chem Eng J 303:56–63

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mei Q, Wei F, Han D, An Z, Sun J, Li M, Wei B, Xie J, He M (2021) Degradation mechanisms, kinetics and eco-toxicity assessment of 2,4-dinitrophenol by oxygen-containing free radicals in aqueous solution. Mol Phys 119(9):1886365

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Milh H, Yu X, Cabooter D, Dewil R (2021) Degradation of ciprofloxacin using UV-based advanced removal processes: comparison of persulfate-based advanced oxidation and sulfite-based advanced reduction processes. Sci Total Environ 764:144510

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moussavi G, Rezaei M (2017) Exploring the advanced oxidation/reduction processes in the VUV photoreactor for dechlorination and mineralization of trichloroacetic acid: parametric experiments, degradation pathway and bioassessment. Chem Eng J 328:331–342

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Noorisepehr M, Kakavandi B, Isaric AA, Ghanbari F, Dehghanifard E, Ghomie N, Kamrani F (2020) Sulfate radical-based oxidative degradation of acetaminophen over an efficient hybrid system: peroxydisulfate decomposed by ferroferric oxide nanocatalyst anchored on activated carbon and UV light. Sep Purif Technol 250:116950

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nuengmatcha P, Chanthai S, Mahachai R, Oh WC (2016) Sonocatalytic performance of ZnO/graphene/TiO2 nanocomposite for degradation of dye pollutants (methylene blue, texbrite BAC-L, texbrite BBU-L and texbrite NFW-L) under ultrasonic irradiation. DyesPigm 134:487–497

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paisio CE, Agostini E, González PS, Bertuzzi ML (2009) Lethal and teratogenic effects of phenol arenarum embryos. J Hazard Mater 167(1-3):64–68

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Penalver JJL, Pacheco CVG, Polo MS, Utrilla JR (2013) Degradation of tetracyclines in different water matrices by advanced oxidation/reduction processes based on gamma radiation. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 88:1096–1108

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ramteke LP, Gogate PR (2015) Removal of ethylbenzene and p-nitrophenol using combined approach of advanced oxidation with biological oxidation based on the use of novel modified prepared activated sludge. Process Saf Environ Prot 95:146–158

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trojanowicz M, Bojanowska-Czajka A, Capodaglio AG (2017) Can radiation chemistry supply a highly efficient AO(R) P process for organics removal from drinking and waste water: a review. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24(25):20187–20208

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Völker J, Castronovo S, Wick A, Ternes TA, Joss A, Oehlmann J, Wanger M (2016) Advancing biological wastewater treatment: extended anaerobic conditions enhance the removal of endocrine and dioxin-like activities. Environ Sci Technol 50(19):10606–10615

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xiong Z, Zhang H, Zhang W, Lai B, Yao G (2019) Removal of nitrophenols and their derivatives by chemical redox : a review. Chem Eng J 359:13–31

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yanga L, He L, Xue J, Ma Y, Shi Y, Wu L, Zhang Z (2020) UV/SO32−based advanced reduction processes of aqueous contaminants: current status and prospects. Chem Eng J 397:125412

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yazdanbakhsh A, Eslami A, Moussavi G, Rafiee M, Sheikhmohammadi A (2018) Photo-assisted degradation of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol by an advanced reduction process based on sulfite anion radical: degradation, dechlorination and mineralization. Chemosphere 191:156–165

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yazdanbakhsh A, Eslami A, Mahdipour F, Ghanbari F, Ghasemi M, Atamaleki A, Sharifi H, Lin KL (2021) Dye degradation in aqueous solution by dithionite/UV-C advanced reduction process (ARP): Kinetic study, dechlorination, degradation pathway and mechanism. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 407:112995

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yu H, Nie E, Xu J, Yan S, Cooper WJ, Song W (2013) Degradation of diclofenac by advanced oxidation and reduction processes: kinetic studies, degradation pathways and toxicity assessments. Water Res 47(5):1909–19018

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the Environmental Health Engineering Research Center, the Kerman University of Medical Sciences, for their scientific supports.

Funding

This work was supported by the vice-chancellor for Research and Technology of Kerman University of Medical Sciences (Grant No. 99000827) and the code of research ethics certificate IR.KMU.REC.1400.015.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Environmental Health Engineering Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran

    Hasti Daraei

  2. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran

    Hasti Daraei

  3. Department of Chemistry, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, 462 003, India

    Alok Mittal, Jyoti Mittal & Asna Mariyam

  4. Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran

    Kimia Toolabian

Authors
  1. Hasti Daraei
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Alok Mittal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Kimia Toolabian
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Jyoti Mittal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Asna Mariyam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

HD conceived, designed and performed the experiments, analyzed and interpreted the data, and wrote the paper; KT performed the bibliographic revision, carried out the comparison of results and collaborated in the discussion of results.; AM, JM, AM analyzed and interpreted the data and critically revised the work.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hasti Daraei.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval

This work does not contain any studies with human participants or animals.

Consent to participate

All authors provided informed consent to participate in this research study.

Consent for publication

No applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Responsible Editor: Ricardo A. Torres-Palma

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

ESM 1

(DOCX 119 kb)

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Daraei, H., Mittal, A., Toolabian, K. et al. Study on the biodegradability improvement of 2,4 dinitrophenol in wastewater using advanced oxidation/reduction process with UV/SO3/ZnO. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 22273–22283 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23231-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23231-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation