Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Simultaneous Cr (VI) reduction and diazinon oxidation with organometallic sludge formation under photolysis: kinetics, degradation pathways, and mechanism

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Environmental Science and Pollution Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this study, simultaneous removal of an organic matter (diazinon, DIZ) and an inorganic substance (chromium, Cr) was used. Breaking down of organic matter by UV irradiation produces various radicals, including sulfides, carboxyl, hydroxyl, hydrated electrons, and various organic radicals that are highly reactive and help us to precipitation inorganic substance (Cr). The optimal condition was 30:1 DIZ:Cr molar ratio, pH 9, and about 100% and 82.3% of DIZ and Cr were obtained in 30 min. Cr deposition was very slow at first. After the destruction of the DIZ structure, Cr deposition began, and various types of sludge with disturbed properties were formed. These sledges were analyzed by FTIR analysis and showed that green sludge could be chromium (III) hydroxide; brown sludge due to chromium (III) hydroxide, tiny green crystals from chromium (III) oxide, red brick from chromium (II) acetate chromium trioxide, as well as black sludge caused by chromium oxide were identified. In UV/DIZ/Cr process, kobs and robs range obtained 0.33–0.15 and 16.8–23.4 $ with both Cr and DIZ concentration increased from 50 to 150 mg L−1. Also, EEO for Cr precipitation was 24.65 to 5.74 and for DIZ 12.54 to 4.73 (kwh m−3). Depending on the amount of energy consumption, TCS was 37.19 to 10.47 for Cr precipitation and 4.46 to 1.25 $. It is important to note that when both pollutants are exposed to ultraviolet light, more energy and cost are generally required from UV/DIZ process and less than of UV/Cr process. But it should be noted that in fact 50 mg L−1 of chromium and 50 mg L−1 of DIZ are being removed at the same time. In UV/DIZ and UV/Cr processes that are exposed to ultraviolet radiation alone, only one of them is removed. Also, when these two pollutants are being removed at the same time, the total amount of energy is much less than the total energy consumption of the pollutants one by one.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this manuscript.

References

  • Ahmad HA, Ahmad S, Cui Q, Wang Z, Wei H, Chen X, Ni S-Q, Ismail S, Awad HM, Tawfik A (2022) The environmental distribution and removal of emerging pollutants, highlighting the importance of using microbes as a potential degrader: a review. Sci Total Environ 809:151926

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arvand M, Dehsaraei M (2018) Amperometric determination of diazinon by gold nanorods/ds-DNA/graphene oxide sandwich-modified electrode. Ionics 24:2445–2454

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Azarpira H, Abtahi M, Sadani M, Rezaei S, Atafar Z, Mohseni SM, Sarkhosh M, Shanbedi M, Alidadi H, Fakhri Y (2019) Photo-catalytic degradation of trichlorophenol with UV/sulfite/ZnO process, simultaneous usage of homogeneous reductive and heterogeneous oxidative agents generator as a new approach of advanced oxidation/reduction processes (AO/RPs). J Photochem Photobiol, A 374:43–51

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Azizi S, Sarkhosh M, Najafpoor AA, Mohseni SM, Maaza M, Sadani M (2021) Degradation of codeine phosphate by simultaneous usage of eaq− and• OH radicals in photo-redox processes: influencing factors, energy consumption, kinetics, intermediate products and degradation pathways. Optik 243:167415

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Azizi S, Sarkhosh M, Kamika I, Nkambule T, Maaza M (2022) Two-step chromium photo-precipitation in the sequential UV/sulfite/manganese dioxide processes: efficiency, kinetic, energy-economic evaluation, and sludge survey. J King Saud Univ Sci 34:101894

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Basfar A, Mohamed K, Al-Abduly A, Al-Kuraiji T, Al-Shahrani A (2007) Degradation of diazinon contaminated waters by ionizing radiation. Radiat Phys Chem 76:1474–1479

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clavijo JV, Moncayo-Riascos I, Husein M, Lopera SH, Franco CA, Cortés FB (2021) Theoretical and experimental approach for understanding the interactions among SiO2 nanoparticles, CaCO3, and xanthan gum components of water-based mud. Energy Fuels 35:4803–4814

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • D'Souza G, Kumar A, Kamath SV, Maraddi A, Nataraj S (2022) Designing engineered biopolymer mesh filter for robust sequestration of chromium (VI), fluoride and other emerging pollutants: a sustainable approach. Chem Eng J 136462

  • Dhaka S, Kumar R, Lee S-h, Kurade MB, Jeon B-H (2018) Degradation of ethyl paraben in aqueous medium using advanced oxidation processes: efficiency evaluation of UV-C supported oxidants. J Clean Prod 180:505–513

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haque KE (1999) Microwave energy for mineral treatment processes—a brief review. Int J Miner Process 57:1–24

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hlophe PV, Dlamini LN (2021) Photocatalytic degradation of diazinon with a 2D/3D nanocomposite of black phosphorous/metal organic framework. Catalysts 11:679

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hosseini SF, Nassehinia H, Nazari H, Shahamat YD, Ghoraba Z, Moeinian K (2021) Determination of diazinon concentration by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in underground drinking water resources located near the rice fields, before and after the pesticide spraying. Microchem J 170:106600

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jagirani MS, Ozalp O, Soylak M (2021) New trend in the extraction of pesticides from the environmental and food samples applying microextraction based green chemistry scenario: a review. Critical Reviews in Anal Chem 1–27

  • Kamath D, Mezyk SP, Minakata D (2018) Elucidating the elementary reaction pathways and kinetics of hydroxyl radical-induced acetone degradation in aqueous phase advanced oxidation processes. Environ Sci Technol

  • Kiriarachchi HD, Hassan AA, Awad FS, El-Shall MS (2022) Metal-free functionalized carbonized cotton for efficient solar steam generation and wastewater treatment. RSC Adv 12:1043–1050

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koronaiou L-A, Nannou C, Xanthopoulou N, Seretoudi G, Bikiaris D, Lambropoulou DA (2022) High-resolution mass spectrometry-based strategies for the target analysis and suspect screening of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances in aqueous matrices. Microchem J 107457

  • Lee C-G, Javed H, Zhang D, Kim J-H, Westerhoff P, Li Q, Alvarez PJ (2018) Porous electrospun fibers embedding TiO2 for adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of water pollutants. Environ Sci Technol

  • Liu X, Yoon S, Batchelor B, Abdel-Wahab A (2013) Photochemical degradation of vinyl chloride with an advanced reduction process (ARP)–effects of reagents and pH. Chem Eng J 215:868–875

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu X, Zhong J, Fang L, Wang L, Ye M, Shao Y, Li J, Zhang T (2016) Trichloroacetic acid reduction by an advanced reduction process based on carboxyl anion radical. Chem Eng J 303:56–63

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu Y, Zhu Q, Tayyab M, Zhou L, Lei J, Zhang J (2021) Single-atom Pt loaded zinc vacancies ZnO–ZnS induced type-V electron transport for efficiency photocatalytic H2 Evolution. Solar Rrl 5:2100536

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Masindi V, Fosso-Kankeu E, Mamakoa E, Nkambule TT, Mamba BB, Naushad M, Pandey S (2022) Emerging remediation potentiality of struvite developed from municipal wastewater for the treatment of acid mine drainage. Environ Res 210:112944

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Massoudinejad M, Zarandi SM, Amini MM, Mohseni SM (2020) Enhancing photo-precipitation of chromate with carboxyl radicals: kinetic, energy analysis and sludge survey. Process Saf Environ Prot 134:440–447

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mirmasoomi SR, Ghazi MM, Galedari M (2017) Photocatalytic degradation of diazinon under visible light using TiO2/Fe2O3 nanocomposite synthesized by ultrasonic-assisted impregnation method. Sep Purif Technol 175:418–427

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moussavi G, Jiani F, Shekoohiyan S (2015) Advanced reduction of Cr (VI) in real chrome-plating wastewater using a VUV photoreactor: batch and continuous-flow experiments. Sep Purif Technol 151:218–224

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mudhoo A, Sharma SK (2011) Microwave irradiation technology in waste sludge and wastewater treatment research. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 41:999–1066

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pandey S, Ramontja J (2016) Sodium alginate stabilized silver nanoparticles–silica nanohybrid and their antibacterial characteristics. Int J Biol Macromol 93:712–723

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pandey S, Fosso-Kankeu E, Spiro M, Waanders F, Kumar N, Ray SS, Kim J, Kang M (2020) Equilibrium, kinetic, and thermodynamic studies of lead ion adsorption from mine wastewater onto MoS2-clinoptilolite composite. Mater Today Chem 18:100376

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pandey S, Son N, Kang M (2022) Synergistic sorption performance of karaya gum crosslink poly (acrylamide-co-acrylonitrile)@ metal nanoparticle for organic pollutants. Int J Biol Macromol 210:300–314

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rahmah A, Harimurti S, Murugesan T (2017) Experimental investigation on the effect of wastewater matrix on oxytetracycline mineralization using UV/H 2 O 2 system. Int J Environ Sci Technol 14:1225–1233

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ranguelova K, Bonini MG, Mason RP (2010) (Bi) sulfite oxidation by copper, zinc-superoxide dismutase: sulfite-derived, radical-initiated protein radical formation. Environ Health Perspect 118:970–975

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rani M, Shanker U (2018) Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of chrysene by Fe2O3@ ZnHCF nanocubes. Chem Eng J 348:754–764

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rasolevandi T, Naseri S, Azarpira H, Mahvi A (2019) Photo-degradation of dexamethasone phosphate using UV/Iodide process: kinetics, intermediates, and transformation pathways. J Mol Liq 295:111703

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rasolevandia T, Azarpirab H, Mahvia AH (2020) Modeling and optimizing chromate photo-precipitation with iodide exciting under UV irradiation. Desalin Water Treat 195:369–376

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rastogi A, Al-Abed SR, Dionysiou DD (2009) Sulfate radical-based ferrous–peroxymonosulfate oxidative system for PCBs degradation in aqueous and sediment systems. Appl Catal B 85:171–179

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ratasuk N, Nanny MA (2007) Characterization and quantification of reversible redox sites in humic substances. Environ Sci Technol 41:7844–7850

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rochell K, Xie L, Fisher R, Griffin K (2022) Contextual factors for transnational municipal network’s local environmental action: a study of ICLEI Africa’s LAB Wetlands SA Programme. Local Environ 1–18

  • Roselló-Márquez G, Fernández-Domene RM, Sánchez-Tovar R, Cifre-Herrando M, García-Antón J (2021) Degradation of Diazinon based on photoelectrocatalytic technique using enhanced WO3 nanostructures: mechanism and pathway. J Environ Chem Eng 9:105371

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sadani M, Rasolevandi T, Azarpira H, Mahvi AH, Ghaderpoori M, Mohseni SM, Atamaleki A (2020) Arsenic selective adsorption using a nanomagnetic ion imprinted polymer: Optimization, equilibrium, and regeneration studies. J Mol Liq 317:114246

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salarian A-A, Hami Z, Mirzaei N, Mohseni SM, Asadi A, Bahrami H, Vosoughi M, Alinejad A, Zare M-R (2016) N-doped TiO2 nanosheets for photocatalytic degradation and mineralization of diazinon under simulated solar irradiation: optimization and modeling using a response surface methodology. J Mol Liq 220:183–191

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sarkhosh M, Sadani M, Abtahi M, Azarpira H, Alidadi H, Atafar Z, Rezaei S, Mohseni SM, Vaezi N, Fakhri Y (2019a) Photo-biological degradation of bisphenol A, UV/ZnO/iodide process at the center of biological reactor. J Photochem Photobiol, A 374:115–124

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sarkhosh M, Sadani M, Abtahi M, Mohseni SM, Sheikhmohammadi A, Azarpira H, Najafpoor AA, Atafar Z, Rezaei S, Alli R (2019b) Enhancing photo-degradation of ciprofloxacin using simultaneous usage of eaq− and OH over UV/ZnO/I-process: efficiency, kinetics, pathways, and mechanisms. J Hazard Mater 377:418–426

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh HP, Mahajan P, Kaur S, Batish DR, Kohli RK (2013) Chromium toxicity and tolerance in plants. Environ Chem Lett 11:229–254

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Y, Tian D, Chu W, Li M, Lu X (2019) Nanoscaled magnetic CuFe2O4 as an activator of peroxymonosulfate for the degradation of antibiotics norfloxacin. Sep Purif Technol 212:536–544

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Z, Cai X, Xie X, Li S, Zhang X, Wang Z (2021) Visible-LED-light-driven photocatalytic degradation of ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin by magnetic biochar modified flower-like Bi2WO6: the synergistic effects, mechanism insights and degradation pathways. Sci Total Environ 764:142879

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xiao Q, Yu S, Li L, Wang T, Liao X, Ye Y (2017) An overview of advanced reduction processes for bromate removal from drinking water: reducing agents, activation methods, applications and mechanisms. J Hazard Mater 324:230–240

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xie B, Li X, Huang X, Xu Z, Zhang W, Pan B (2017) Enhanced debromination of 4-bromophenol by the UV/sulfite process: efficiency and mechanism. J Environ Sci 54:231–238

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xu Y, Lin Z, Zhang H (2016) Mineralization of sucralose by UV-based advanced oxidation processes: UV/PDS versus UV/H2O2. Chem Eng J 285:392–401

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yazdanbakhsh A, Aliyari A, Sheikhmohammadi A, Aghayani E (2020) Application of the enhanced sono-photo-Fenton-like process in the presence of persulfate for the simultaneous removal of chromium and phenol from the aqueous solution. J Water Process Eng 34:101080

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yin D, Guo Y, Li M, Wu W, Tang J, Liu Y, Chen F, Ni Y, Sun J, Zhang H (2021) Performance of VITEK 2, E-test, Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion, and modified Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion compared to reference broth microdilution for testing tigecycline susceptibility of carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae and A. baumannii in a multicenter study in China. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 40:1149–1154

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zia J, Ajeer M, Riaz U (2019) Visible–light driven photocatalytic degradation of Bisphenol-a using ultrasonically synthesized polypyrrole/K-birnessite nanohybrids: experimental and DFT studies. J Environ Sci 79:161–173

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This study is related to the project No. 99/63704 from Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. We also appreciate the “Student Research Committee” and “Research & Technology Chancellor” in Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences for their financial support of this study.

Funding

This research study is financially supported by the Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences with Grant 63706.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Student Research Committee, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Pouria Karimi & Seyed Mohsen Mohseni

  2. Environmental Health Engineering Department, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran

    Hossein Azarpira

  3. Environmental Health Engineering Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Tayebeh Rasolevandi

  4. Environmental Health Engineering Department, School of Public Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

    Maryam Sarkhosh

  5. UNESCO‐UNISA Africa Chair in Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, College of Graduate Studies, University of South Africa, Muckleneuk Ridge, PO Box 392, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa

    Maryam Sarkhosh & Shohreh Azizi

  6. Nanosciences African Network (NANOAFNET), iThemba LABS-National Research Foundation, 1 Old Faure Road, Somerset West 7129, PO Box 722, Somerset West, Western Cape, 7131, South Africa

    Maryam Sarkhosh & Shohreh Azizi

  7. Environmental Health Engineering Department, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Seyed Mohsen Mohseni & Mohsen Sadani

Authors
  1. Pouria Karimi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Hossein Azarpira
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Tayebeh Rasolevandi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Maryam Sarkhosh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Shohreh Azizi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Seyed Mohsen Mohseni
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Mohsen Sadani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Pouria Karimi: Writing original draft and data curation. Hossein Azarpira: Writing—review and editing, conceptualization, methodology. Tayebeh Rasolevandi: Analysis, visualization, and investigation. Maryam Sarkhosh: Validation and software. All authors contributed in writing, reading, and approving the final manuscript. Shohreh Azizi: Responsibilities of content writer, reactor designer. Seyed Mohsen Mohseni Experiment designer, data controller, coordinator, and main manuscript writer. Mohsen Sadani: Conceptualization, software, and methodology.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mohsen Sadani.

Ethics declarations

Ethical approval

This manuscript is confirmed by ethical committee of the Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (IR.SBMU.RETECH.REC.1399.1172).

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publish

Not applicable.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Responsible Editor: Sami Rtimi

Publisher's note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Karimi, P., Azarpira, H., Rasolevandi, T. et al. Simultaneous Cr (VI) reduction and diazinon oxidation with organometallic sludge formation under photolysis: kinetics, degradation pathways, and mechanism. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 14630–14640 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22892-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22892-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation