Abstract
Esters of butanedioic acid (succinic acid) are appealing renewable esters as fuel additives and solvents. In the present study, we have investigated reaction routes for the esterification of succinic acid (SA) with alcohols like methanol (MeOH), ethanol (EtOH), and 2-propanol (2-PrOH) using heterogeneous catalyst D-Hβ (moderate Bronsted acidity) in a microwave (MW)-irradiated reactor to increase yield and minimize waste generation. Using the Box-Behnken design (BBD) approach, operating parameters such as reaction time, microwave power, and catalyst dosing were optimized for SA esterification with MeOH. At optimum conditions using D-Hβ catalyst, 99% maximum conversion was achieved with 98% selectivity of dimethyl succinate (DMS). At optimum conditions, the esterification of SA with EtOH and 2-PrOH was also performed. The use of D-Hβ is economically more advantageous as it can be reused directly without any prior washing and also showed significant activity.
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Abbreviations
- MW:
-
Microwave
- SA:
-
Succinic acid
- DMS:
-
Dimethyl succinate
- DES:
-
Diethyl succinate
- D-n-PS:
-
Di-n-propyl succinate
- DIPS:
-
Diisopropyl succinate
- MWI:
-
Microwave irradiation
- GCMS:
-
Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy
- SAN:
-
Succinic anhydride
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Acknowledgements
We are thankful to the Department of Chemical Engineering, SCET, and SVNIT for the project work. We are grateful to the Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility (SAIF) IIT-Bombay for the GCMS analysis.
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1. Dr. Vaishali Umrigar made substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work; or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data; or the use of software in the work;
2. Dr. Vaishali Umrigar and Prof. Mousumi Chakraborty drafted the work or revised it critically for important intellectual content;
3. Prof. Chakraborty and Prof. Parikh approved the version to be published; and.
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1. Further operating parameters can be optimized with different design and optimization tools to avoid trial and error.
2. Scale-up can be done for further implementation of the production of such biofuel’s additives to commercialize the products.
3. Extraction of carboxylic acids from natural resources can be further worked out.
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Umrigar, V., Chakraborty, M. & Parikh, P.A. Optimization of microwave-assisted esterification of succinic acid using Box-Behnken design approach. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 71472–71481 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22807-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22807-1