Abstract
Nowadays, plastic pollution attracts much attention both from society and scientists. The plastic pollution impact on the environment and human health requires assessment urgently, especially through experimental studies. However, such studies are still scarce because of the lack of standard methods for assessing their effects on living organisms. We have developed a process for manufacturing and staining PVC microparticles for using them in biological and ecological experiments. The electrospinning method has been used to manufacture PVC particles; their morphology and size have been analyzed. The obtained PVC particles are of narrow size range averaging 2–4 µm in diameter. They are successfully stained with the fluorescent dye Rhodamine B, which stands for the experiments performed in the seawater.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Not applicable.
References
Bedo AW, Head EJH, Conover RJ et al (1990) Physiological adaptations of an under-ice population of Pseudocalanus in Barrow Strait (N.W.T) to increasing food supply in spring. Polar Biol 10:561–570. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00239367
Cole M, Lindeque P, Fileman E et al (2013) Microplastic ingestion by zooplankton. Environ Sci Technol 47:6646–6655. https://doi.org/10.1021/es400663f
Curren E, Kuwahara VS, Yoshida T, Leong SCY (2021) Marine microplastics in the ASEAN region: a review of the current state of knowledge. Environ Pollut 288:117776. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117776
Dick VA, Juliette L (2021) Microplastics and human health. Science 371:672–674. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abe5041
El Hadri H, Gigault J, Maxit B et al (2020) Nanoplastic from mechanically degraded primary and secondary microplastics for environmental assessments. NanoImpact 17:100206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.impact.2019.100206
Erni-Cassola G, Gibson MI, Thompson RC, Christie-Oleza JA (2017) Lost, but found with Nile red: a novel method for detecting and quantifying small microplastics (1 mm to 20 μm) in environmental samples. Environ Sci Technol 51:13641–13648. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b04512
Frias JPGL, Nash R (2019) Microplastics: finding a consensus on the definition. Mar Pollut Bull 138:145–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.11.022
Harris R, Wiebe P, Lenz J et al (2000) ICES zooplankton methodology manual. Elsevier
Jaikumar G, Brun NR, Vijver MG, Bosker T (2019) Reproductive toxicity of primary and secondary microplastics to three cladocerans during chronic exposure. Environ Pollut 249:638–646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.03.085
Jaworek A (2007) Micro- and nanoparticle production by electrospraying. Powder Technol 176:18–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2007.01.035
Jaworek A, Sobczyk AT (2008) Electrospraying route to nanotechnology: an overview. J Electrostat 66:197–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elstat.2007.10.001
Karakolis EG, Nguyen B, You JB et al (2019) Fluorescent dyes for visualizing microplastic particles and fibers in laboratory-based studies. Environ Sci Technol Lett 6:334–340. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.9b00241
Lusher AL, Munno K, Hermabessiere L, Carr S (2020) Isolation and extraction of microplastics from environmental samples: an evaluation of practical approaches and recommendations for further harmonization. Appl Spectrosc 74:1049–1065. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003702820938993
Lv L, Qu J, Yu Z et al (2019) A simple method for detecting and quantifying microplastics utilizing fluorescent dyes-Safranine T, fluorescein isophosphate, Nile red based on thermal expansion and contraction property. Environ Pollut 255:113283
Maes T, Jessop R, Wellner N et al (2017) A rapid-screening approach to detect and quantify microplastics based on fluorescent tagging with Nile Red. Sci Rep 7:44501. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep44501
Pham LQ, Uspenskaya M V, Snetkov PP (2019) Obtaining nanofibers from polyvinyl chloride solutions in tetrahydrofuran and dimethyl formamide using the method of electrospinning. In: Bulletin of the Saint Petersburg State Institute of Technology (Technical University). pp 42–46
Poulet SA (1974) Seasonal grazing of Pseudocalanus minutus on particles. Mar Biol 25:109–123. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00389260
Qu M, Xu K, Li Y et al (2018) Using acs-22 mutant Caenorhabditis elegans to detect the toxicity of nanopolystyrene particles. Sci Total Environ 643:119–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.173
Shim WJ, Song YK, Hong SH, Jang M (2016) Identification and quantification of microplastics using Nile Red staining. Mar Pollut Bull 113:469–476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.10.049
Sturm MT, Horn H, Schuhen K (2021) The potential of fluorescent dyes—Comparative study of Nile red and three derivatives for the detection of microplastics. Anal Bioanal Chem 413:1059–1071
Tong H, Jiang Q, Zhong X, Hu X (2021) Rhodamine B dye staining for visualizing microplastics in laboratory-based studies. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28:4209–4215. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10801-4
Zhang S, Wang J, Liu X et al (2019) Microplastics in the environment: A review of analytical methods, distribution, and biological effects. TrAC Trends Anal Chem 111:62–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2018.12.002
Zobkov MB, Esiukova EE (2018) Microplastics in a marine environment: review of methods for sampling, processing, and analyzing microplastics in water, bottom sediments, and coastal deposits. Oceanology 58:137–143. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0001437017060169
Funding
The experiments on fabricating and staining PVC microparticles were financially supported by ITMO University (project number 620170). The experiments with Pseudocalanus spp. were performed within the State Assignment for the Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences (theme no. AAAA-A19-119022690122–5).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Mayya V. Uspenskaya and Roman O. Olekhnovich conceived of the presented idea. Pham Le Quoc, Maria I. Fokina, and Daria M. Martynova designed the study. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by Pham Le Quoc, Maria I. Fokina, and Daria M. Martynova. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Pham Le Quoc, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethical approval
Not applicable.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues
Publisher's note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Le Quoc, P., Fokina, M.I., Martynova, D.M. et al. Method of manufacturing and staining microplastics for using in the biological experiments. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 67450–67455 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22776-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22776-5