Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Quality and hydrochemical assessment of groundwater in geological transition zones: a case study from N.E. Nigeria

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Environmental Science and Pollution Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Sustainable management of groundwater resources in geological transition zones (GTZ) is essential due to their complex geology, increasing population, industrialization, and climate change. Groundwater quality monitoring and assessment represent a viable panacea to this problem. Therefore, there is a great need to investigate groundwater resources in terms of their chemistry and pollution to ascertain their quality and implement robust pollution abatement strategies. This study focused on the characterization of groundwater in a typical geological transition zone in northeastern Nigeria. Eighty-seven (87) groundwater samples were collected from dug wells and boreholes during the 2017 dry season. pH, conductivity, and total dissolved solids (TDS) were measured in situ using a multiparameter probe, while major cations and anions were measured using atomic absorption spectrometry and ion chromatography, respectively. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, principal component analysis (PCA), water quality index, and standard hydrochemical plots. TDS ranged between 95 and 1154 mg L−1 in basement terrains and between 49 and 1105 in sedimentary areas. pH ranged between 6.8 and 7.7 mg L−1 in basement terrains and between 5.0 and 6.5 in sedimentary areas, suggesting a moderately acidic to alkaline low mineralized groundwater. Calcium (2.6–128.0 mg L−1) was the dominant cation in the basement areas, suggesting silicate weathering/dissolution, while sodium (1.9–106.0 mg L−1) dominated the sedimentary zones due to base exchange reactions. The PCA analysis suggests that mineral dissolution (mostly silicate weathering) controls the hydrochemistry of the basement aquifers, while ion exchange and albite weathering, with some influence of anthropogenic factor, control the sedimentary aquifers. The water quality index revealed that the basement setting was predominated by poor to unsuitable groundwater, while the sedimentary terrain was characterized by potable groundwater. The dominant hydrochemical facie in the basement areas was Ca2+–(Mg2+)–HCO3− characteristic of recharge meteoric water. The Na+– (K+)–HCO3− facie characterized the sedimentary zones, indicative of cation exchange reactions, while the mixed water facie typifies the geological contact zones. The shallow nature of the basement groundwaters makes them more susceptible to geogenic and anthropogenic pollution compared to the sandstone aquifers. However, the basement aquifers have better irrigation indices (Kelly ratio and soluble sodium percent) as compared to the sandstone aquifers, which exhibit poor Kelly ratios (< 1) and soluble sodium percent (> 50) ratings. Results from the study clearly highlight the poor-unsuitable groundwater quality in parts of the studied GTZ and can be very instrumental to the policymakers in implementing sustainable water treatment strategies and cleaner production technologies in GTZ to forestall the incidence of water-related diseases.

Graphical abstract

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The data and materials can be made available upon request.

Materials availability

The data and materials can be made available upon request.

References

  • Acworth RI (1987) The development of crystalline basement aquifers in a tropical environment. Q J Eng Geol 20(4):265–272. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.QJEG.1987.020.04.02

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adegoke OS, Du Chêne RE, Agumanu AE, Ajayi PO (1978) Palynology and age of the Kerri-Kerri Formation, Nigeria. Revista Espaňola Micropalaeontología 10(2):267–283

    Google Scholar 

  • Adewumi AJ, Laniyan TA (2020) Ecological and human health risks associated with metals in water from Anka Artisanal Gold Mining Area, Nigeria. Human Ecol Risk Assess Int J 27(2):307–326. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2019.1710694

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ajani O (2008) Determinants of an effective solid waste management in Ibadan Metropolis, Oyo state, Nigeria. J Food Agric Environ 6(1):152–157

    Google Scholar 

  • Akinbile CO (2012) Environmental impact of landfill on groundwater quality and agricultural soils in Nigeria. Soil Water Res 7(1):18–26

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akinde SB, Olaitan JO, Fasunloye T (2019) Water shortages and drinking water quality in rural Southwest Nigeria: issues and sustainable solutions. Pan Afr J Life Sci 2:85–93. https://doi.org/10.36108/pajols/9102/20(0150)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Akujieze CN, Coker SJL, Oteze GE (2003) Groundwater in Nigeria-a millennium experience, distribution, practice, problems and solutions. Hydrogeol J 11(2):259–274. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-002-0227-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aladejana JA, Kalin RM, Sentenac P, Hassan I (2020) Assessing the impact of climate change on groundwater quality of the shallow coastal aquifer of eastern Dahomey basin, southwestern Nigeria. Water 12(1):224. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12010224

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Amry AS (2008) Hydrochemistry and groundwater quality assessment in an arid region: a case study from Al Salameh Area, Shabwah, Yemen. In: In: The 3rd International Conference on Water Resources and Environments. The first Arab Water Forum, Shabwah

    Google Scholar 

  • Ali SA, Ali U (2018) Hydrochemical characteristics and spatial analysis of groundwater quality in parts of Bundelkhand Massif. India Appl Water Sci 8(1):1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-018-0678-x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Allaire M, Wu H, Lall U (2018) National trends in drinking water quality violations. Proc Natl Acad Sci 115(9):2078–2083. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1719805115

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anudu GK, Essien BI, Obrike SE (2014) Hydrogeophysical investigation and estimation of groundwater potentials of the Lower Palaeozoic to Precambrian crystalline basement rocks in Keffi area, north-central Nigeria, using resistivity methods. Arab J Geosci 7(1):311–322. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-012-0789-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • APHA (American Public Health Association) (2017) Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 23rd edition. Washington DC:American Public Health Association

  • Appelo CAJ, Postma D (2005) Geochemistry, groundwater and pollution. CRC Press, London, p 683. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781439833544

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Asadi S, Vuppala P, Reddy MA (2007) Remote sensing and GIS techniques for evaluation of groundwater quality in municipal corporation of Hyderabad (Zone-V), India. Int J Environ Res Public Health 4(1):45–52. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph2007010008

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ayadi Y, Mokadem N, Besser H, Khelifi F, Harabi S, Hamad A, Boyce A, Laouar R, Hamed Y (2018) Hydrochemistry and stable isotopes (18O and 2H) tools applied to the study of karst aquifers in southern Mediterranean basin (Teboursouk area, NW Tunisia). J Afr Earth Sci 137:208–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2017.10.018

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ayantobo O, Awomeso J, Oluwasanya G, Bada B, Taiwo A (2014) Gold mining in Igun-Ijesha, Southwest Nigeria: impacts and implications for water quality. Am J Environ Sci 10(3):289–300. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajessp.2014.289.300

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bouteraa O, Mebarki A, Bouaicha F, Nouaceur Z, Laignel B (2019) Groundwater quality assessment using multivariate analysis, geostatistical modeling, and water quality index (WQI): a case of study in the Boumerzoug-El Khroub valley of Northeast Algeria. Acta Geochim 38:796–814. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11631-019-00329-x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chadha DK (1999) A proposed new diagram for geochemical classification of natural waters and interpretation of chemical data. Hydrogeol J 7(5):431–439. https://doi.org/10.1007/s100400050216

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dada SS (2006) Proterozoic evolution of Nigeria. In: Oshi O (ed) The basement complex of Nigeria and its mineral resources. Akin Jinad & Co., Ibadan, pp 29–44

    Google Scholar 

  • Dike EFC (1993) Stratigraphy and structure of the Kerri-Keri basin. NE Nigeria J Min Geol 29(2):77–93

    Google Scholar 

  • Dike EFC, Aga T, Bashayi TEO (2008) Geochemical investigation of groundwater in shallow hand-dug wells in Railway area, Bauchi. Continent J Appl Sci 3:57–64

    Google Scholar 

  • Edet AE, Okereke CS (1991) Assessment of hydrogeological conditions in basement aquifers of Precambrian Oban Massif, southeastern Nigeria. J Appl Geophys 36(4):195–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-9851(96)00049-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Edet AE, Okereke CS, Teme SC, Esu EO (1998) Application of remote sensing data to groundwater exploration: a case study of the Cross River State, southeastern Nigeria. Hydrogeol J 6(3):394–404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s100400050162

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Edet AE, Nganje TN, Ukpong AJ, Ekwere AS (2011) Groundwater chemistry and quality of Nigeria: a status review. Afr J Environ Sci Technol 5(13):1152–1169. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJESTX11.009

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eduvie MO (2006) Borehole failures in Nigeria. In: National seminar held on the occasion of Water Africa Exhibition. Lagos, Nigeria, pp 1152–1169

    Google Scholar 

  • Ekere NR, Agbazue VE, Ngang BU, Ihedioha JN (2019) Hydrochemistry and water quality index of groundwater resources in Enugu north district, Enugu. Nigeria Environ Monit Assess 191(3):1–5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7271-0

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eletta OAA, Adeniyi AG, Ighalo JO, Onifade DV, Ayandele FO (2020) Valorisation of cocoa (Theobroma cacao) pod husk as precursors for the production of adsorbents for water treatment. Environ Technol Rev 9(1):20–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/21622515.2020.1730983

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elimian KO, Musah A, Mezue S, Oyebanji O, Yennan S, Jinadu A, Williams N, Ogunleye A, Fall IS, Yao M, Eteng WE, Abok P, Popoola M, Chukwuji M, Omar LH, Ekeng E, Balde T, Mamadu I, Adeyemo A et al (2019) Descriptive epidemiology of cholera outbreak in Nigeria, January-November, 2018: implications for the global roadmap strategy. BMC Public Health 19(1):1264–1274. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7559-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Emenike C, Tenebe I, Omole D, Ngene BU, Oniemayin BI, Maxwell O, Onoka B (2017) Accessing safe drinking water in sub-Saharan Africa: issues and challenges in South–West Nigeria. Sustain Cities Soc 30:263–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2017.01.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Emenike P, Nnaji C, Tenebe I, Agunwamba J (2020) Hydrogeochemical imprints and spatio-temporal health risk assessment of lead in drinking water sources of Abeokuta, south-western Nigeria. Int J Environ Sci Technol 17(1):343–360. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-019-02506-0

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eslami F, Yaghmaeian K, Mohammadi A, Salari M, Maryam F (2019) An integrated evaluation of groundwater quality using drinking water quality indices and hydrochemical characteristics: a case study in Jiroft, Iran. Environ Earth Sci 78:314. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-019-8321-1

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eyankware M, Aleke C, Selemo A, Nnabo P (2019) Hydrogeochemical studies and suitability assessment of groundwater quality for irrigation at Warri and environs., Niger delta basin, Nigeria. Groundw Sustain Dev 10:100293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2019.100293

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferre EC, Caby R (2007) Granulite facies metamorphism and charnockite plutonism: examples from the Neoproterozoic Belt of northern Nigeria. Proc Geol Assoc 118(1):47–54

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher RS, Mullican WF (1997) Hydrochemical evolution of sodium-sulphate and sodium-chloride groundwater beneath the Northern Chihuahuan desert, Trans-Pecos, Texas, USA. Hydrogeol J 5(2):4–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s100400050102

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Forstinus NO, Ikechukwu NE, Emenike MP, Christiana AO (2016) Water and waterborne diseases. A review. Int J Trop Diseases Health 12:1–14

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ganyaglo SY, Benoeng-Yakubo B, Osae S, Dampare SB, Fianko JR, Bhuiyan MAH (2010) Hydrochemical and isotopic characterisation of groundwaters in the eastern region of Ghana. J Water Resour Prot 2:199–208

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gin N, Buteh D, Daniel S, Akanang H, Abubakar A (2018) Assessment of the quality ofwater from hand dug wells and boreholes at federal low: cost housing estate Bauchi, Bauchi state, Nigeria. Int J Adv Sci Res 3(5):13–15

    Google Scholar 

  • Halim MA, Majumder RK, Nessa SA, Hiroshiro Y, Sasaki K, Saha BB, Saepuloh A, Jinno K (2010) Evaluation of processes controlling the geochemical constituents in deep groundwater in Bangladesh: spatial variability on arsenic and boron enrichment. J Hazard Mater 180(1–3):50–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.01.008

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hallouche B, Marok M, Benaabidate L, Berrahal Y, Hadji F (2017) Geochemical and qualitative assessment of groundwater of the High Mekerra watershed, NW Algeria. Environ Earth Sci 76(9):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-017-6649-y

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hem JD (1985) Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water, third edition. US Geol Surv Water Supp Pap 2254:80–105

    Google Scholar 

  • Ighalo JO, Adeniyi AG (2020) A comprehensive review of water quality monitoring and assessment in Nigeria. Chemosphere 260:127569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127569

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ighalo JO, Adeniyi AG, Adeniran JA (2021) A systematic literature analysis of the nature and regional distribution of water pollution sources in Nigeria. J Clean Prod 283:124566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124566

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ismail AH, Hassan G, Sarhan AH (2020) Hydrochemistry of shallow groundwater and its assessment for drinking and irrigation purposes in Tarmiah district, Baghdad governorate. Iraq Groundw Sustain Dev 10:100300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2019.100300

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jabbo JN, Isa MN, Aris AZ, Abubakar MB (2022) Geochemometric approach to groundwater quality and health risk assessment of heavy metals of Yankari Game Researve and environs, Northeast Nigeria. J Clean Prod 330:29916

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jeelani GH, Shah RA, Hussain A (2014) Hydrogeochemical assessment of groundwater in Kashmir Valley, India. J Earth Syst Sci 123(5):1031–1043

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency) (2009) Basic design study report on the project for water supply in Bauchi State and Katsina State in the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Yachiyo Engineering Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan, pp 1–82

  • Khan D, Hagras MA, Iqbal N (2014) Groundwater quality evaluation in Thal Doab of Indus Basin of Pakistan. Int J Modern Eng Res 4(1):36–47

    Google Scholar 

  • Krishna, KS, Logeshkumaran, A, Magesh, NS, Prince SG, Chandrasekar N (2015) Hydro-geochemistry and application of water quality index (WQI) for groundwater quality assessment, Anna Nagar, part of Chennai City, Tamil Nadu, India. Appl Water Sci 5:335–343

  • Lapworth D, Baran N, Stuart M, Ward RS (2012) Emerging organic contaminants in groundwater: a review of source, fate and occurrence. Environ Pollut 163:287–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.12.034

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lawal A, Tijani MN, D’Alessio M (2020) Geoelectrical characterisation of aquifers in Bauchi-Alkaleri-Kirfi geological transition zones,Northeast Nigeria. Environ Earth Sci 79(10):1–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-020-08978-5

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lawal A, Tijani MN, D’Alessio M, Maigari AS (2021a) Application of geographical information system to geoelectrical data for evaluation of the vulnerability of aquifers in parts of Bauchi, North-eastern Nigeria. Environ Earth Sci 80:16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lawal A, Tijani MN, Nuru NA, John S, Mustapha A (2021b) Assessment of groundwater recharge potential in a typical geological transition zone in Bauchi, NE-Nigeria using remote sensing/GIS and MCDA approaches. Heliyon 7:e06762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06762

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu P, Hoth N, Drebenstedt C, Sun Y, Xu Z (2017) Hydro-geochemical paths of multi-layer groundwater system in coal mining regions using multivariate statistics and geochemical modeling approaches. Sci Total Environ 601–602:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scito.tenv.2017.05.146

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd JW, Heathcoat JA (1985) Natural inorganic hydrochemistry in relation to groundwater: an introduction. Oxford Uni. Press, New York, p 296

    Google Scholar 

  • Mapoma HWT, Xie X, Lui Y, Zhul Y, Kawaye FP, Kayira TM (2017) Hydrochemistry and quality of groundwater in alluvial aquifer of Karonga, Malawi. Environ Earth Sci 76(9):1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-017-6653-2

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morales I, Rodriguez R, Armienta MA, Villanueva-Estrada RE (2016) The origin of groundwater arsenic and fluorine in a volcanic sedimentary basin in central Mexico: a hydrochemistry hypothesis. Hydrogeol J 24(4):1029–1044. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-015-1357-8

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mostafa MG, Uddin SMH, Haque ABMH (2017) Assessment of hydrogeochemistry and groundwater quality of Rajshahi City in Bangladesh. Appl Water Sci. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-017-0629-y

  • Mukherjee A, Fryar AE, Thomas WA (2009) Geologic, geomorphic and hydrologic framework and evolution of the Bengal basin, India and Bangladesh. J Asia Earth Sci 34(3):227–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2008.05.011

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • National Population Commission (NPC) (2006) Nigerian population census report. National Population Commission, Abuja, pp 21–27

    Google Scholar 

  • Nazzal Y, Ahmed I, Al-Arifi NSN, Ghrefat H, Zaidi FK, El-Waheidi MM, Batayneh A, Zumlot T (2014) A pragmatic approach to study the groundwater quality suitability for domestic and agricultural usage, Saq aquifer, northwest of Saudi Arabia. Environ Monit Assess 186(8):4655–4667. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-014-3728-3

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • NIMET (Nigerian Meteorological Agency) (2014). Seasonal rainfall prediction (SRP). S & E Consulting, Scottsdale, 9–15

  • Njuguna SM, Onyango JA, Githaiga KB, Gituru RW, Yan X (2020) Application of multivariate statistical analysis and water quality index in health risk assessment by domestic use of river water, Case study of Tana River in Kenya. Process Saf Environ Prot 133:149–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2019.11.006

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • NSDQW (Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality) (2007) Nigerian industrial standard NIS 554. Lagos, Standard Organization of Nigeria

    Google Scholar 

  • Ogunniyi LT, Sanusi WA, Ezekiel AA (2011) Determinants of rural household willingness to pay for safe water in Kwara State, Nigeria. Aquac Aqua Conserv Legis 4(5):660–669

    Google Scholar 

  • Olafisoye OB, Adefioye T, Osibote OA (2013) Heavy metals contamination of water, soil, and plants around an electronic waste dumpsite. Pol J Environ Stud 22(5):1431–1439

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oloruntade A, Adeoye PA, Alao F (2013) Municipal solid waste collection and management strategies in Akure, South-Western Nigeria. Caspian J Environ Sci 11(1):1–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Olukanni DO, Ebuetse MA, Anake WU (2014) Drinking water quality and sanitation issues: a survey of a semi-urban setting in Nigeria. Int J Res Eng Sci 2(11):58–65

    Google Scholar 

  • Rahaman MA, Ocan O (1978) On relationships in the Precambrian Migmatite-gneisses of Nigeria. Niger J Min Geol 15:23–32

    Google Scholar 

  • Rahman AT, Majumder RK, Rahman SH, Halim MA (2011) Sources of deep groundwater salinity in the southwestern zone of Bangladesh. Environ Earth Sci 63(2):363–373. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-010-0707-z

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramesh R, Subramanian M, Lakshmanan E, Subramaniyan A, Ganesan G (2021) Human health risk assessment using Monte Carlo simulations for groundwater with uranium in southern India. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 226:112781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112781

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Richards LA (1954) Diagnosis and improvement of Agriculture Handbook, Saline and alkali soil, U.S. Department of Agriculture. pp. 60

  • Saha S, Reza AHMS, Roy MK (2019) Hydrochemical evaluation of groundwater quality of the Tista floodplain, Rangpur, Bangladesh. Appl Water Sci 9:198. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-019-1085-7

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seiyaboh EI, Izah SC, Bokolo JE (2017a) Bacteriological quality of water from river nun at Amassoma Axises, Niger Delta, Nigeria. ASIO J Microbiol Food Sci Biotechnol Innov 3(1):22–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Seiyaboh EI, Izah SC, Oweibi S (2017b) Assessment of water quality from Sagbama creek, Niger Delta. Nigeria Biotechnol Res 3(1):20–24

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shemang EM, Jiba KT (2005) Assessment of the hydrogeologic properties of the basement aquifers of Western Part of Bauchi, Nigeria. Glob J Geol Sci 3(1):39–44. https://doi.org/10.4314/gjgs.v3i1.18709

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sultana S (2009) Hydrogeochemistry of the Lower Dupi Tila Aquifer in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. TRITA-LWR degree project 09-35, pp 1–42

  • Talabi AO, Tijani MN (2013) Hydrochemical and stable isotopic characterization of shallow groundwater system in the crystalline basement terrain of Ekiti area, southwestern Nigeria. Appl Water Sci 3(1):229–245. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-013-0076-3

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Uliana MU, Sharp JM (2001) Tracing regional flow paths to major springs in Trans-Pecos Texas using geochemical data and geochemical models. Chem Geol 179(1–4):53–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(01)00315-1

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Uwadiegwu B, Chukwu K (2013) Strategies for effective urban solid waste management in Nigeria. Eur Sci J 9(8):296-308. http://eujournal.org/index.php/esj/issue/view/67

  • Vasanthavigar M, Srinivasamoorthy K, Vijayaragavan K, Rajiv Ganthi R, Chidambaram S, Anandhan P, Manivannan R, Vasudevan S (2010) Application of water quality index for groundwater quality assessment: thirumanimuttar sub-basin, Tamilnadu, India. Environ Monit Assess 171(1):595–609. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-009-1302-1

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • WHO (World Health Organization) (2011) Guidelines for drinking water quality (4th edition). Geneva, Switzerland

  • World Economic Forum (2017) The Global Risks Report. Cologny/Geneva Switzerland. https://www3.weforum.org/docs/GRR17_Report_web.pdf. Accessed 27 Feb 2022

  • Wright CP (1992) Hydrogeology of crystalline basement aquifer in Africa. Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ 66:1–27

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yidana SM, Banoeng-Yakubo B, Akabzaa TM (2010) Analysis of groundwater quality using multivariate and spatial analyses in the Keta Basin, Ghana. J Afr Earth Sci 58(2):220–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2010.03.003

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang X, Zwiers FW, Hegerl GC, Lambert FH, Gillett NP, Solomon S, Stott PA, Nozawa T (2007) Detection of human influence on twentieth-century precipitation trends. Nature 448:461–465. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06025

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu GF, Su YH, Feng Q (2007) The hydrochemical characteristics and evolution of groundwater and surface water in the Heihe River Basin, northwest China. Hydrogeol J 16(1):167–182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-007-0216-7

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

Abdullateef Lawal got a study fellowship from Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University. The Tertiary Education Trust Fund (TETFund), Nigeria, sponsored the benchwork (Abdullateef Lawal).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Applied Geology, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi State, Bauchi, Nigeria

    Abdullateef Lawal

  2. Department of Geology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria

    Moshood N. Tijani

  3. Nebraska Water Center, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA

    Daniel Snow

  4. Department of Civil Engineering, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA

    Matteo D’Alessio

Authors
  1. Abdullateef Lawal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Moshood N. Tijani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Daniel Snow
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Matteo D’Alessio
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Conceptualization: Abdullateef Lawal, Moshood N. Tijani, Matteo D’Alessio, and Daniel D. Snow; methodology: Abdullateef Lawal and Moshood N. Tijani; formal analysis and investigation: Abdullateef Lawal, Matteo D’Alessio, and Daniel D. Snow; writing—original draft preparation: Abdullateef Lawal; Writing—review and editing: Abdullateef Lawal, Moshood N. Tijani, Matteo D’Alessio, and Daniel D. Snow; funding acquisition: Abdullateef Lawal; supervision: Moshood N. Tijani and Daniel D. Snow

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Abdullateef Lawal.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval

The authors declare that the manuscript has not been published elsewhere, nor is it currently under consideration for publication elsewhere.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Responsible Editor: Xianliang Yi

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary information

ESM 1

(DOCX 2224 kb)

ESM 2

(DOCX 19 kb)

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Lawal, A., Tijani, M.N., Snow, D. et al. Quality and hydrochemical assessment of groundwater in geological transition zones: a case study from N.E. Nigeria. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 10643–10663 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22762-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22762-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation