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Integrated multitrophic aquaculture (IMTA) as an environmentally friendly system for sustainable aquaculture: functionality, species, and application of biofloc technology (BFT)

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Abstract

Aquaculture is one of the fastest-growing industries in the world, and its prominent role has been proven in supplying food for the growing world population. The expected growth of aquaculture requires the development of responsible and sustainable approaches, technologies, culture systems, and practices. The integrated multitrophic aquaculture (IMTA) system has been developed over the past decades. This system is based on the use of all food levels for simultaneous production of some aquaculturally species in a way that contributes to environmental sustainability (biocontrol), economic stability (product diversity and risk reduction), and social acceptance (better management operations). In IMTA, selecting suitable culture species and considering their appropriate population size is absolutely necessary to achieve an optimal biological and chemical process, improving the ecosystem health and sustainability of the industry. Biofloc technology (BFT) is closely related to the IMTA system, where the IMTA potential can be used to control suspended solids in aquaculture systems with limited water exchange. This study reviews the significance of IMTA systems, potential target species for cultivation, the relationship between BFT and IMTA, total suspended solids control, the economics of IMTA farming, and the recent findings in these fields.

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to game wardens that have devoted their lives to saving endangered animals and sharing their valuable data with us. We thank anonymous referees for helping to improve an earlier version of the manuscript.

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  1. Department of Fisheries Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Jiroft, Jiroft, Kerman, Iran

    Mohammad Hossein Khanjani

  2. Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

    Saeed Zahedi

  3. Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Jiroft, Jiroft, Kerman, Iran

    Alireza Mohammadi

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Conception and design of study and idea for the article: Mohammad Hossein Khanjani, Saeed Zahedi, Alireza Mohammadi.

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Khanjani, M.H., Zahedi, S. & Mohammadi, A. Integrated multitrophic aquaculture (IMTA) as an environmentally friendly system for sustainable aquaculture: functionality, species, and application of biofloc technology (BFT). Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 67513–67531 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22371-8

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