Abstract
Long-term and high-intensity application of inorganic fertilizer leads to a strong variation of soil characteristics. The changes in soil chemical and biological properties can significantly affect the yield of Eucalyptus plantation. However, the mechanism of soil chemical properties affecting wood volume mediated by biological factors is not clear. The purpose of this study was to identify which soil properties were affected by different fertilization intensities and to disentangle the dominant factors affecting Eucalyptus volume. After clear felling evergreen broad-leaved forest, a Eucalyptus plantation was established that was coppiced every 5 years and fertilized every year. Within this plantation, areas with different treatments were established. These treatments were a 5-year growth period (low); two times 5-year growth period (medium); and three times 5-year growth period (high). In each treatment area and in a nearby evergreen broad-leaved forest (EBLF Control), five sample plots per treatment were set up. Various biological and chemistry analyses (18 in total) were related to determining the most important path and index for optimizing Eucalyptus plantation. The analysis of variance of enzyme activity and microbial biomass showed that the soil biological characteristics decreased over 10 years of plantation, and the enzyme activity was close to the state of EBLF control in medium, while the microbial biomass failed to return to its original state during continuous planting. Redundancy analysis results show that there was a strong correlation in chemical indicators and biological characteristics. Partial least square structural equation model showed that total phosphorus, nitrate nitrogen, urease, catalase, and microbial biomass nitrogen and phosphorus were the most influential soil biochemical factors, and the indirect effect of chemical properties on volume was achieved by microorganisms through enzyme activity. Continuous planting and large-scale application of inorganic fertilizer would lead to a decrease in plantation yield and fertilizer utilization efficiency and would affect the microbial biomass and enzyme activity by destroying the stability of soil chemical properties.
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The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the staff from the Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees of the National Ministry of Education. We appreciate the assistance provided by the staff of the state-owned Daguishan Forest Farm and Guangxi Di Yuan Zhi Ben Fertilizer Industry Co. LTD for their contributions to our study.
Funding
This study was funded by the China National Key Research and Development Program during the 13th Five-year Plan Period (Grant No. 2016YFD0600505), China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant No. 2021M693577), and Outstanding Youth Scholar Program of Education Department of Hunan Province (Grant No. 20B605).
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis, and article review and revision were performed by Zhengye Wang, Lingyue Zhu, Gerty Gielen, Hailong Wang, Sheng Lu, Lijun Chen, Lichao Wu, Qinzhan Wu, Kangting Huang, Jianke Wen, and Xiuhai Wang. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Zhengye Wang and Lingyue Zhu, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Highlights
• High-intensity inorganic fertilizer affects soil and stand volume in Eucalyptus plantations.
• Nitrate nitrogen, urease, catalase, and microbial biomass nitrogen and phosphorus were the most influential soil biochemical factors.
• Chemical properties indirectly affect the biomass by biological characteristics.
• Inorganic fertilizers’ ratio and main chemical properties’ roles can be investigated.
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Wang, Z., Zhu, L., Gielen, G. et al. Potential effects of soil chemical and biological properties on wood volume in Eucalyptus urophylla × Eucalyptus grandis hybrid plantations and their responses to different intensity applications of inorganic fertilizer. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 773–787 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22238-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22238-y