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Visible-light-driven photocatalytic dual-layer hollow fibre membrane ameliorates the changes of bisphenol A exposure in gastrointestinal tract

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Abstract

Various treatments of choice are available to overcome contamination of bisphenol A (BPA) in the environment including membrane technologies; however, the treatment still releases contaminants that threaten the human being. Therefore, the present study is conducted to investigate the degradation of BPA by recently developed visible-light-driven photocatalytic nitrogen-doping titanium dioxide (N-doped TiO2) dual-layer hollow fibre (DLHF) membrane and its efficiency in reducing the level of BPA in contaminated water. Fabricated with suitable polymer/photocatalyst (15/7.5 wt.%) via co-extrusion spinning method, the DLHF was characterized morphologically, evaluated for BPA degradation by using submerged photocatalytic membrane reactor under visible light irradiations followed by the investigation of intermediates formed. BPA exposure effects were accessed by immunohistochemistry staining of gastrointestinal sample obtained from animal model. BPA has been successfully degraded up to 72.5% with 2 intermediate products, B1 and B2, being identified followed by total degradation of BPA. BPA exposure leads to the high-intensity IHC staining of Claudin family which indicated the disruption of small intestinal barrier (SIB) integrity. Low IHC staining intensity of Claudin family in treated BPA group demonstrated that reducing the level of BPA by N-doped TiO2 DLHF is capable of protecting the important component of SIB. Altogether, the fabricated photocatalytic DLHF membrane is expected to have an outstanding potential in removing BPA and its health effect for household water treatment to fulfil the public focus on the safety of their household water and their need to consume clean water.

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Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support from the Ministry of Education Malaysia under the Long-Term Research Grant Scheme (LRGS) (Project number: R.J130000.7809.4L895) and Higher Institution Centre of Excellence Scheme (Project Number: R.J090301.7809.4J430). The author also would like to thank Universiti Teknologi Malaysia for the funding under UTM High Impact Research (UTMHIR) Grant (Project number: Q.J130000.2409.08G34), Collaborative Research Grant (CRG) (Project number: R.J130000.7351.4B418) and Professional Development Research University (PDRU) Grant (Project number: Q.J130000.21A2.05E41). Acknowledgement should also be given to Universiti Teknologi MARA under the BESTARI grant scheme (Project Number: Project Number: 600-IRMI/DANA 5/3/BESTARI (P) (014/2018)). The authors would also like to thank the Institute of Medical Molecular Biotechnology (IMMB), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA and Research Management Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia for the technical support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia

    Roziana Kamaludin, Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman, Ahmad Fauzi Ismail, Mukhlis A. Rahman & Juhana Jaafar

  2. Institute of Pathology, Laboratory and Forensic Medicine (I-PPerForM), Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Jalan Hospital, Sungai Buloh Campus, 47000, Selangor, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia

    Siti Hamimah Sheikh Abdul Kadir

  3. Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Sungai Buloh Campus, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Jalan Hospital, 47000, Selangor, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia

    Jesmine Khan

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  1. Roziana Kamaludin
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Contributions

Roziana Kamaludin: investigation, data curation, writing—original draft preparation. Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman, Siti Hamimah Sheikh Abdul Kadir: supervision, funding acquisition. Jesmine Khan, formal analysis and validation. Ahmad Fauzi Ismail, Mukhlis A Rahman, Juhana Jaafar: writing—review and editing.

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Correspondence to Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman.

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Kamaludin, R., Othman, M.H.D., Kadir, S.H.S.A. et al. Visible-light-driven photocatalytic dual-layer hollow fibre membrane ameliorates the changes of bisphenol A exposure in gastrointestinal tract. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 259–273 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22121-w

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