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Roles of oxidant, activator, and surfactant on enhanced electrokinetic remediation of PAHs historically contaminated soil

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Abstract

Electrokinetic (EK) remediation technology can enhance the migration of reagents to soil and is especially suitable for in situ remediation of low permeability contaminated soil. Due to the long aging time and strong hydrophobicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from historically polluted soil, some enhanced reagents (oxidant, activator, and surfactant) were used to increase the mobility of PAHs, and remove and degrade PAHs in soil. However, under the electrical field, there are few reports on the roles and combined effect of oxidant, activator, and surfactant for remediation of PAHs historically contaminated soil. In the present study, sodium persulfate (PS, oxidant, 100 g L−1) or/and Tween 80 (TW80, surfactant, 50 g L−1) were added to the anolyte, and citric acid chelated iron(II) (CA-Fe(II), activator, 0.10 mol L−1) was added to catholyte to explore the roles and contribution of enhanced reagents and combined effect on PAHs removal in soil. A constant voltage of 20 V was applied and the total experiment duration was 10 days. The results showed that the removal rate of PAHs in each treatment was PS + CA-Fe(II) (21.3%) > PS + TW80 + CA-Fe(II) (19.9%) > PS (17.4%) > PS + TW80 (11.4%) > TW80 (8.1%) > CK (7.5%). The combination of PS and CA-Fe(II) had the highest removal efficiency of PAHs, and CA-Fe(II) in the catholyte could be transported toward anode via electromigration. The addition of TW80 reduced the electroosmotic flow and inhibited the transport of PS from anolyte to the soil, which decreased the removal of PAHs (from 17.4 to 11.4% with PS, from 21.3 to 19.9% with PS+CA-Fe(II)). The calculation of contribution rates showed that PS was the strongest enhancer (3.3~9.9%), followed by CA-Fe(II) (3.9~8.5%) (with PS), and the contribution of TW80 was small and even negative (−1.4~0.6%). The above results indicated that the combined application of oxidant and activator was conducive to the removal of PAHs, while the addition of surfactant reduced the EOF and the migration of oxidant and further reduced the PAHs removal efficiency. The present study will help to further understand the role of enhanced reagents (especially surfactant) during enhanced EK remediation of PAHs historically contaminated soil.

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Acknowledgments

This work was financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2018YFC1802005) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 42177032).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China

    Qiao Huang, Mingzhu Zhou, Jinjin Zhou, Longgang Chu & Long Cang

  2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China

    Qiao Huang, Jinjin Zhou & Longgang Chu

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  1. Qiao Huang
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  2. Mingzhu Zhou
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  3. Jinjin Zhou
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  4. Longgang Chu
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Contributions

Q.H.: methodology, data curation, writing—original draft preparation. M.Z.: data curation, writing—reviewing. J.Z.: methodology. L.Chu: writing—reviewing. L.Cang: critical revision and editing.

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Correspondence to Long Cang.

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The institute (Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences) and the university (University of Chinese Academy of Sciences) all agreed to publish this manuscript in Environmental Science and Pollution Research.

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Huang, Q., Zhou, M., Zhou, J. et al. Roles of oxidant, activator, and surfactant on enhanced electrokinetic remediation of PAHs historically contaminated soil. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 88989–89001 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21952-x

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