Abstract
Recently, the production of silver nanoparticles and their commercial products has generated increased concern and caused a hazardous impact on the ecosystem. Therefore, the present study examines the toxic effect of chemically engineered silver nanoparticles (SNPs) and polyvinylpyrrolidone-capped silver nanoparticles (PVP-SNPs) on the earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae (E. eugeniae). The SNPs and PVP-SNPs were synthesized, and their characterization was determined by UV–vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. The toxicity of SNPs and PVP-SNPs was evaluated using E. eugeniae. The present result indicates that the lethal concentration (LC50) of SNPs and PVP-SNPs were achieved at 22.66 and 43.27 μg/mL, respectively. The activity of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) was increased in SNPs compared to PVP-SNPs. Importantly, we have noticed that the E. eugeniae can amputate its body segments after exposure to SNPs and PVP-SNPs. This exciting phenomenon is named “autotomy,” which describes a specific feature of E. eugeniae to escape from the toxic contaminants and predators. Accordingly, we have suggested this unique behavior may facilitate to assess the toxic effect of SNPs and PVP-SNPs in E. eugeniae.
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References
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Acknowledgements
Authors thank Department of Physics, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, India, for providing XRD and FTIR facilities; South Indian Textile Research Association for SEM and EDX analysis; Sophisticated Test and Instrumentation Centre, Cochin, Kerala, for HRTEM analysis, Micro Nano Characterization Facility, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, for XPS analysis; and Sophisticated Analytical Instrumentation Facility, IIT Madras, for ICP-OES facility.
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Author Paulkumar Kanniah thanks University Grants Commission, India, for providing the fellowship through Postdoctoral Fellowship for SC/ST candidates (Sanction letter no.F./PDFSS-2015-17-TAM-12467).
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Paulkumar Kanniah performed the synthesis, toxicity investigation, formal analysis, methodology, and writing original draft. Subburathinam Balakrishnan carried out the methodology and review the manuscript. Elaiya Raja Subramanian performed the methodology, review, and editing the manuscript. Dinesh Kumar Sudalaimani was contributed in methodology and editing the manuscript. Jila Radhamani was carried out the methodology and editing the manuscript. Sudhakar Sivasubramaniam envisaged the concept, investigation, and writing (review and editing) the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version of manuscript.
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Kanniah, P., Balakrishnan, S., Subramanian, E.R. et al. Preliminary investigation on the impact of engineered PVP-capped and uncapped silver nanoparticles on Eudrilus eugeniae, a terrestrial ecosystem model. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 25239–25255 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21898-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21898-0