Abstract
Due to continuous industrialization, the discharge of hazardous dyes has enormously disrupted the ecosystem causing environmental problems. Due to the stable recalcitrant nature of dyes, advanced catalytic ozonation processes with the latest catalyst are under investigation. Fe-RGO is an effective oxidation catalyst, and the metal loaded platform provides enhanced catalytic performance. This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of Fe-RGO/O3 process for the removal of dyes. In the current research, the application of iron-coated reduced graphene oxide (Fe-RGO) was studied as a catalyst in the heterogeneous catalytic ozonation process to remove dyes. Methylene blue (MB) was selected as a model pollutant. RGO was prepared using the improved Hummers method and was coated with iron (Fe) implying the impregnation method. The FTIR, SEM–EDX, XRD, and BET analyses of RG and Fe-RGO were performed to characterize the catalyst. The effect of various parameters such as pH (3–10), catalyst dose (0.01–0.04 g), and radical scavengers (NaHCO3, NaCl) on removal efficiency was elucidated. The result revealed an excellent catalytic efficiency of Fe-RGO in the ozonation process. At optimum conditions, 96% removal efficiency was achieved in catalytic ozonation at pH 7 with a catalyst dose of 0.02 g and ozone dose 0.5 mg/min, after 10 min. Interestingly, a slight decrease in removal efficiency was observed in the catalytic ozonation process in hydroxyl radical scavengers (NaCl and NaHCO3), which makes the proposed catalyst more applicable in real conditions. Therefore, it is concluded that Fe-RGO can be used as an excellent catalyst for the removal of dyes in real conditions where radical scavengers may be present in a significant amount.
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Acknowledgements
Dr. Umair Yaqub Qazi and Dr. Rahat Javaid extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research, University of Hafr Al Batin for funding this work through the research group project no. IFP-A-2022-2-4-14. We highly appreciate the support of the Institute of Environmental Engineering, UET Lahore, Pakistan.
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Funding from Deanship of Scientific Research, University of Hafr Al Batin under research group project no. IFP-A-2022–2-4–14 was used to conduct experimental and characterization studies in this paper.
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All the authors have contributed to make this study publishable. The author contribution is as follows: conceptualization, A. Ikhlaq and R. Javaid; methodology, U.Y. Qazi F. Javed and R. Iftikhar; validation, R. Javaid, U.Y. Qazi and I. Riaz; formal analysis, U.Y. Qazi, R. Nusrat; resources, A. Ikhlaq, and R. Jalil; writing—original draft preparation, U.Y. Qazi, and R. Iftikhar; writing—review and editing, A. Ikhlaq, R. Javaid and U.Y. Qazi; visualization, U.Y. Qazi and I. Riaz; supervision, A. Ikhlaq; project administration, U.Y. Qazi, A. Ikhlaq.; funding acquisition, U.Y. Qazi. All authors have read and agreed to the publication of the manuscript.
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Qazi, U.Y., Iftikhar, R., Ikhlaq, A. et al. Application of Fe-RGO for the removal of dyes by catalytic ozonation process. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 89485–89497 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21879-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21879-3