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Sea-level projections using a NARX-NN model of tide gauge data for the coastal city of Kuala Terengganu in Malaysia

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Abstract

The impact of global warming presents an increased risk to the world’s shorelines. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reported that the twenty-first century experienced a severe global mean sea-level rise due to human-induced climate change. Therefore, coastal planners require reasonably accurate estimates of the rate of sea-level rise and the potential impacts, including extreme sea-level changes, floods, and shoreline erosion. Also, land loss as a result of disturbance of shoreline is of interest as it damages properties and infrastructure. Using a nonlinear autoregressive network with an exogenous input (NARX) model, this study attempted to simulate (1991 to 2012) and predict (2013–2020) sea-level change along Merang kechil to Kuala Marang in Terengganu state shoreline areas. The simulation results show a rising trend with a maximum rate of 28.73 mm/year and an average of about 8.81 mm/year. In comparison, the prediction results show a rising sea level with a maximum rate of 79.26 mm/year and an average of about 25.34 mm/year. The database generated from this study can be used to inform shoreline defense strategies adapting to sea-level rise, flood, and erosion. Scientists can forecast sea-level increases beyond 2020 using simulated sea-level data up to 2020 and apply it for future research. The data also helps decision-makers choose measures for vulnerable shoreline settlements to adapt to sea-level rise. Notably, the data will provide essential information for policy development and implementation to facilitate operational decision-making processes for coastal cities.

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Acknowledgements

We acknowledge the government agencies of Peninsular Malaysia who helped with this project, as well as the pilots who made this project possible. Mr. Fahmi and Mr. Shafiq provided data collection assistance from the Geodetic Survey Division, Department of Survey and Mapping Malaysia (D.S.M.M). We also like to thank N.A.H.R.I.N. and SMART for providing time. An acknowledgment also goes to the I.N.O.S. Higher Institution of Centre of Excellence (Vot 66928) for partially supporting the extension of this study.

Funding

Funding for this project has been provided by the Universiti Putra Malaysia (U.P.M.) RUGS 4 with Project Number (03–04-11-1477RU) and RUGS 6 with Project Number (03–01-12-1664RU) programs.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Oceanography and Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia

    Milad Bagheri, Mohd Fadzil Akhir & Wan Izatul Asma Wan Talaat

  2. Department of Environment, Faculty of Environmental and Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia

    Zelina Z. Ibrahim

  3. School of Geography and Sustainable Communities, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia

    Isabelle D. Wolf

  4. Centre for Ecosystem Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia

    Isabelle D. Wolf

  5. Technology Management, Economics and Policy Program, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea

    Bahareh Oryani

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  1. Milad Bagheri
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Contributions

M.B., Z.Z.I.: methodology; M.B., Z.Z.I.: software; M.B., Z.Z.I.: validation; M.B., Z.Z.I.: formal analysis; M.B., Z.Z.I.: investigation; M.B., Z.Z.I., B.O.I.D.W: resources; M.B., Z.Z.I.: data curation; M.B., Z.Z.I.: writing—original draft preparation; M.F.A., W.I.A.W.T.: visualization; M.B., Z.Z.I.: supervision; M.B., Z.Z.I., A.B.P.: project administration; M.B., Z.Z.I., M.F.A.: funding acquisition; M.B., Z.Z.I., M.F.A., W.I.A.W.T., I.D.W.: supervision; B.O., I.D.W.: writing—review and editing. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

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Bagheri, M., Ibrahim, Z.Z., Wolf, I.D. et al. Sea-level projections using a NARX-NN model of tide gauge data for the coastal city of Kuala Terengganu in Malaysia. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 81839–81857 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21662-4

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