Abstract
Energy-related carbon emissions take a large proportion in China, and the interregional trade caused by provincial disparities has led to significant differences in carbon footprint (CF) and embodied carbon flows among provinces that make great bottlenecks for the balance of economic development and carbon mitigation. In this study, we developed an embodied carbon flow-based ecological network (ECFEN) model with economic trade and emission data through combining the multi-regional input–output model and ecological network analysis approach. The developed ECFEN model was applied to 30 provinces in China to quantify the interprovincial flow of carbon embodied in final goods and services and identify the ecological utility (competitive, exploitative, and exploited) and control/dependence relationships between different regions. The main findings can be summarized as follows: Firstly, Jiangsu had the highest total CF with amount of 906 Mt, which was approximately 24.5 times than that of Hainan (37 Mt). Especially, the local CF in Shandong was the largest among all of the provinces with an amount of 683 Mt. Secondly, 13 pairs of embodied carbon flow paths exceeded 20 Mt, and the remarkable embodied carbon flowed from resource-oriented regions (e.g., Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Hebei) to economically developed eastern coastal provinces and municipalities (e.g., Jiangsu, Guangdong, Beijing, Chongqing). Metallurgy and electricity, water, and gas contributed 30–80% of the total embodied carbon import and export for each province. Thirdly, the exploitative and exploited relationship dominated the ecological relationship between provinces. Meanwhile, the resource-oriented regions played the role of controllers while economically developed provinces were dependents. On the one hand, the central government could take vertical compensation measures such as financial subsidies for major exporter and controllers. On the other hand, it is necessary to take horizontal technical transfer especially from economically developed southeast coastal provinces to western underdeveloped inland area. The obtained results and policy implications are expected to provide reasonable insights for decision-makers to formulate carbon mitigation strategies under the domestic circulation strategy.
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The original datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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We are grateful for the suggestions and insightful comments from the editor and anonymous reviewers.
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This study was supported by the following projects: the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51609003 and 72074013), the Program for Guangdong Introducing Innovative and Entrepreneurial Teams (2019ZT08L213), and Beijing Natural Science Foundation (No. 9212001).
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Wenhao Xu: software (MATLAB, Origin, and GraphPad), data curation, formal analysis, and writing-original draft. Yulei Xie: conceptualization, methodology, supervision, project administration, writing-review &editing, and funding acquisition. Dehong Xia: supervision and writing-review & editing. Ling Ji: funding acquisition and writing-review and editing. Guohe Huang: conceptualization and writing-review & editing.
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Highlights
• An embodied carbon flow-based ecological network (ECFEN) model was developed.
• The interprovincial internal structure and functional relationship were investigated based on the ECFEN model.
• Exploitative and exploited ecological relationship dominated the ECFEN.
• Economically developed provinces acted as dependents while resource-oriented regions played the role of controllers in the ECFEN.
• Metallurgy and electricity, water, and gas were the top sectors of embodied carbon import and export for 30 provinces.
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Xu, W., Xie, Y., Xia, D. et al. Exploring the embodied carbon flow interactive relationships in China from an ecological network perspective: a model framework and application at provincial level. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 88972–88988 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21622-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21622-y