Abstract
Bacteria from the genus Shewanella are inhabitants of marine and freshwater ecosystems, recognized fish spoilage bacteria, but less known as fish disease agents. Shewanella spp. isolated from fish living in waters close to effluents of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) were not previously characterized. We have tested Shewanella isolates from WWTP-affected waters and related fish. Genotypic characterization identified most strains as S. baltica and S. oneidensis. In order to investigate the sensibility and accuracy of their MALDI-TOF MS identification, they were grown on two culture media enriched by various NaCl concentrations, incubated at different temperatures and duration. We analyzed their antimicrobial susceptibility on a panel of antimicrobial drugs and capacity for biofilm production. With a view to demonstrate their capacity to produce fatty acids, we assessed the impact of different culture media on their lipid profile. We performed zebrafish embryotoxicity tests to simulate the environmental infection of the earliest life stages in S. baltica-contaminated waters. The best MALDI-TOF MS identification scores were for strains cultivated on TSA for 24 h at 22 °C and with supplementation of 1.5% NaCl. Less than 17% of isolates demonstrated antimicrobial resistance. Most isolates were weak biofilm producers. Strain-to-strain variation of MIC and MBC was low. The major fatty acids were C15:0, C16:0, C16:1, C17:1, and iC15:0. Exposure of Danio rerio to different S. baltica concentrations induced severe effects on zebrafish development: decreased heartbeat rate, locomotor activity, and melanin pigmentation. S. baltica passed through chorionic pores of zebrafish.
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Abbreviations
- AMC:
-
Amoxicillin
- AW:
-
Artificial water
- BCFA:
-
Branched chain fatty acid
- CFU:
-
Colony-forming unit
- E:
-
Erythromycin
- EPA:
-
Eicosapentaenoic fatty acid
- FAME:
-
Fatty acid methyl ester
- FFC:
-
Florfenicol
- MALDI-TOF MS:
-
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry
- MBC:
-
Minimal bactericidal concentration
- MBIC:
-
Minimal biofilm inhibitory concentration
- MCA:
-
MacConkey agar
- MH:
-
Mueller-Hinton agar
- MIC:
-
Minimal inhibitory concentration
- MUFA:
-
Monounsaturated fatty acid
- NOR:
-
Norfloxacin
- OA:
-
Oxolinic acid
- OD:
-
Optical density
- ODc:
-
Optical density cut-off
- OTC:
-
Oxytetracycline
- PUFA:
-
Polyunsaturated fatty acid
- PVF:
-
Perivitelline fluid
- SFA:
-
Saturated fatty acid
- SMX:
-
Sulfamethoxazole
- TSA:
-
Tryptic soy agar
- UB:
-
Flumequine
- WWTP:
-
Wastewater treatment plant
- ZET:
-
Zebrafish embryotoxicity test
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This study was supported by the Scientific Center of Excellence for Marine Bioprospecting – BioProCro, a project co-financed by the Croatian Government and the European Union through the European Regional Development Fund — the Competitiveness and Cohesion Operational Programme (KK.01.1.1.01). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
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NTP: conceptualization; writing original draft; writing, review and editing; data curation; formal analysis; investigation; and methodology. SK: writing, review and editing; data curation; formal analysis; investigation; and methodology. BB, SB, KB, MB, ITB: data curation, formal analysis, investigation; and methodology. MJ, ISP: data curation, formal analysis, and investigation. SlK: formal analysis and investigation. RČR: writing, review and editing; funding acquisition; and investigation. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Topić Popović, N., Kazazić, S., Bilić, B. et al. Shewanella spp. from wastewater treatment plant-affected environment: isolation and characterization. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 82986–83003 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21573-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21573-4