Abstract
Iron-sulfur nano compounds have been proven to be effective in mercury removal, but the agglomeration, poor dispersion and mobility, and easy oxidation challenges limit their application. Herein, carbon black originating from pyrolysis of waste tires was used as a carrier of nano-FeS to obtain an efficient adsorbent (C@PDA-FeS). It is found that the C@PDA-FeS shows outstanding adsorption ability, excellent selectivity, and high removal rate. A maximum adsorption capacity of 1754 mg/g is obtained, and the residual Hg(II) ion concentration is as low as 3.2 μg/L in the simulated industrial wastewater, which meets the industrial discharge standard under the optimal conditions. Meanwhile, the removal rate of Hg(II) ion can reach 99.8% after up to 10 cycles. More importantly, the C@PDA-FeS still shows good adsorption efficiency, and the removal rate of Hg(II) ion is over 99% (25 mg/L Hg(II) concentration) after 90 days of storage, demonstrating the long-term stability and promising future of the adsorbent. In addition, the waste adsorbent (C@PDA-FeS/HgS) is reused as a photocatalyst to degrade methylene blue, and the corresponding degradation rate is 92.9% (10 mg/L).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The data sets used and analyzed during the study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
References
Abou-Shady A, Peng C, Bi J, Xu H, Almeria OJ (2012) Recovery of Pb (II) and removal of NO3− from aqueous solutions using integrated electrodialysis, electrolysis, and adsorption process. Desalination 286:304–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2011.11.041
An XL, Huang FG, Ren HT, Wang YF, Chen Y, Liu ZM, Zhang HW, Han X (2017) Oxidative dissolution of amorphous FeS and speciation of secondary Fe minerals: effects of pH and As(III) concentration. Chem Geol 462:44–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2017.04.025
Cho S, Oh J, Jung S, Park Y, Tsang YF, Ok YS, Kwon EE (2019) Catalytic pyrolytic platform for scrap tires using CO2 and steel slag. Appl Eenerg 259:114164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.114164
Dwivedi C, Manjare S, Rajan SK (2020) Recycling of waste tire by pyrolysis to recover carbon black: alternative & environment-friendly reinforcing filler for natural rubber compounds. Compos Part B-Eng 200:108346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2020.108346
Elmi F, Damghani FM, Taleshi MS (2020) Kinetic and isotherm studies of adsorption of metribuzin herbicide on Fe3O4/CNT@PDA hybrid magnetic nanocomposite in wastewater. Ind Eng Chem Res 59:9604–9610. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.9b07077
Eslami A, Chegini ZG, Khashij M, Mehralian M, Hashemi M (2020) Removal of acetaminophen (ACT) from aqueous solution by using nanosilica adsorbent: experimental study, kinetic and isotherm modeling. Pigm Resin Technol 49:55–62. https://doi.org/10.1108/prt-06-2019-0057
Esmaili H, Kotobi A, Sheibani S, Rashchi F (2018) Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue by nanostructured Fe/FeS powder under visible light, International Journal of Minerals. Int J Min Met Mater 25:244. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-018-1567-x
Franco MW, Mendes LA, Windmöller CC, Moura KAF, Oliveira LAG, Barbosa FAR (2018) Mercury methylation capacity and removal of hg species from aqueous medium by Cyanobacteria. Water Air Soil Poll 229:127. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-018-3782-5
Ge H, Du J (2020) Selective adsorption of Pb(II) and Hg(II) on melamine-grafted chitosan. Int J Biot Macromol 162:1880–1887. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.070
Guo S, Dai Q, Si R, Xun X, Lu C (2017) Evaluation of properties and performance of rubber-modified concrete for recycling of waste scrap tire. J Clean Prod 148:681–689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.02.046
Gong Y, Tang J, Zhao D (2016) Application of iron sulfide particles for groundwater and soil remediation: a review. Water Res 89:309–320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2015.11.063
Gong Y, Liu Y, Xiong Z, Zhao D (2014) Immobilization of mercury by carboxymethyl cellulose stabilized iron sulfide nanoparticles: reaction mechanisms and effects of stabilizer and water chemistry. Environ Sci Technol 48:3986–3994. https://doi.org/10.1021/es404418a
González-González RB, González LT, Iglesias-González S, Martinez-Chapa SO, Maduo M, Alvarez MM, Mendoza A (2020) Characterization of chemically activated pyrolytic carbon black derived from waste tires as a candidate for nanomaterial precursor. Nanomaterials 10:2213. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10112213
Hu X, Chen C, Zhang D, Xue Y (2021) Kinetics, isotherm and chemical speciation analysis of Hg(II) adsorption over oxygen-containing MXene adsorbent. Chemosphere 278:130206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130206
Hodik T, Lamac M, Stastna LC, Curinova P, Karban J, Skoupilova H, Hrstka R, Cisarova I, Gyepes R, Pinkas J (2017) Improving cytotoxic properties of ferrocenes by incorporation of saturated N-heterocycles. J Organomet Chem 846:141–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jorganchem.2017.06.005
Huang L, He M, Chen B, Hu B (2016) A mercapto functionalized magnetic Zr-MOF by solvent-assisted ligand exchange for Hg2+ removal from water. J Mater Chem A 4:5159. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ta00343e
Ji C, Song S, Wang C, Sun C, Qu R, Wang C, Chen H (2010) Preparation and adsorption properties of chelating resins containing 3-aminopyridine and hydrophilic spacer arm for Hg(II). Chem Eng J 165:573–580. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2010.09.075
Kinuthia GK, Ngure V, Beti D, Lugalia R, Wanglia A, Kamau L (2020) Publisher Correction: levels of heavy metals in wastewater and soil samples from open drainage channels in Nairobi, Kenya: community health implication. Sci Rep-Uk 10:11439. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-68286-7
Kim M, Kim J (2020) Adsorption characteristics of spent coffee grounds as an alternative adsorbent for cadmium in solution. Environments 7:24. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments7040024
Liu F, Xiong W, Feng X, Shi L, Chen D, Zhang Y (2019) A novel monolith ZnS-ZIF-8 adsorption material for ultraeffective Hg(II) capture from wastewater. J Hazard Mater 367:381–389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.12.098
Li L, Fan M, Brown RC, Leeuwen JV (2006) Synthesis, properties, and environmental applications of nanoscale iron-based materials: a review. Crit Rev Env Sci Tec 36:405–431. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643380600620387
Liu L, Valsaraj KT, Devai I, DeLaune RD (2008) Immobilization of aqueous Hg(II) by mackinawite (FeS). J Hazard Mater 157:432–440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.01.006
Martínez JD (2021) An overview of the end-of-life tires status in some Latin American countries: proposing pyrolysis for a circular economy. Renew Sust Energ Rev 144:111032. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111032
Rashid J, Saleem S, Awan SU, Lqbal A, Kumar R, Barakat MA, Arshad M, Zaheer M, Rafique M, Awad M (2018) Stabilized fabrication of anatase-TiO2/FeS2 (pyrite) semiconductor composite nanocrystals for enhanced solar light-mediated photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue. Rsc Adv 8:11935. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ra02077a
Sadegh H, Ali GA, Makhlouf ASH, Chong KF, Alharbi NS, Agarwal S, Gupta VK (2018) MWCNTs-Fe3O4 nanocomposite for Hg(II) high adsorption efficiency. J Mol Liq 258:345–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2018.03.012
Song P, Zhao X, Cheng X, Li S, Wang S (2018) Recycling the nanostructured carbon from waste tires. Compos Commun 7:12–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coco.2017.12.001
Shi Z, Xu C, Lu P, Fan L, Liu Y, Wang Y, Liu L, Li L (2018) Preparation and the adsorption ability of thiolated magnetic core-shell Fe3O4@SiO2@C-SH for removing Hg2+ in water solution. Mater Lett 225:130–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2018.04.098
Sun Y, Lv D, Zhou J, Zhou X, Lou Z, Baig SA, Xu X (2017a) Adsorption of mercury (II) from aqueous solutions using FeS and pyrite: a comparative study. Chemosphere 185:452–461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.07.047
Shao D, Ren X, Wen J, Hu S, Xiong J, Jiang T, Wang X (2016) Immobilization of uranium by biomaterial stabilized FeS nanoparticles: effects of stabilizer and enrichment mechanism. J Hazard Mater 302:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.09.043
Santos ECD, Silva JCM, Duarte HA (2016) Pyrite oxidation mechanism by oxygen in aqueous medium. J Phys Chem C 120:2760–2768. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b10949
Sun Y, Lou Z, Yu J, Zhou X, Lv D, Zhou J, Baig SA, Xu X (2017b) Immobilization of mercury (II) from aqueous solution using Al2O3 -supported nanoscale FeS. Chem Eng J 323:483–491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.04.095
Sun M, Cheng G, Ge X, Chen M, Wang C, Lou L, Xu X (2018) Aqueous Hg(II) immobilization by chitosan stabilized magnetic iron sulfide nanoparticles. Sci Total Environ 621:1074–1083. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.119
Saini PK, Kumar N, Chandra R, Nath M, Minocha AK (2019) Facile synthesis of novel SWCNT/HgS nanohybrid: an effective photocatalyst for degradation of methylene blue. Mater Lett 250:5–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2019.04.090
Sorouraddin SM, Farajzadeh MA, Dastoori H (2020) Development of a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method based on a ternary deep eutectic solvent as chelating agent and extraction solvent for preconcentration of heavy metals from milk samples. Talanta 208:120485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120485
Tian S, Gong Y, Ji H, Duan J, Zhao D (2019) Efficient removal and long-term sequestration of cadmium from aqueous solution using ferrous sulfide nanoparticles: performance, mechanisms, and long-term stability. Sci. Total. Environ 704:135402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135402
Urrego-Yepes W, Cardona-Uribe N, Vargas-Isaza CN, Martinez JD (2021) Incorporating the recovered carbon black produced in an industrial-scale waste tire pyrolysis plant into a natural rubber formulation. J Environ Manage 287:112292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112292
Wu S, Uddin M, Sasaoka E (2006) Characteristics of the removal of mercury vapor in coal derived fuel gas over iron oxide sorbents. Fuel 85:213–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2005.01.020
Wang N, Yang D, Wang X, Yu S, Wang H, Wen T, Song G, Yu Z, Wang X (2018) Highly efficient Pb(II) and Cu(II) removal using hollow Fe3O4@PDA nanoparticles with excellent application capability and reusability. Inorg Chem Front 5:2174. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8qi00541a
Wang M, Li Y, Zhao D, Zhuang L, Yang G, Gong Y (2020) Immobilization of mercury by iron sulfide nanoparticles alters mercury speciation and microbial methylation in contaminated groundwater. Chem Eng J 381:122664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.122664
Yazdani E, Hashemabadi SH, Taghizadeh A (2019) Study of waste tire pyrolysis in a rotary kiln reactor in a wide range of pyrolysis temperature. Waste Manage 85:195–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.12.020
Yi H, Zhang X, Jia F, Wei Z, Zhao Y, Song S (2019) Competition of Hg2+ adsorption and surface oxidation on MoS2 surface as affected by sulfur vacancy defects. Appl Surf Sci 483:521–528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.03.350
Yang D, Sun Y, Tong Z, Nan Y, Jianget Z (2016) Fabrication of bimodal-pore SrTiO3 microspheres with excellent photocatalytic performance for Cr(VI) reduction under simulated sunlight. J Hazard Mater 312:45–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.03.032
Yong F, Xun Y, Chen Z, Ying S, Wang J, Hu J (2019) Functionalized magnetic mesoporous silica/poly(m-aminothiophenol) nanocomposite for Hg(II) rapid uptake and high catalytic activity of spent Hg(II) adsorbent. Sci Total Environ 691:664–674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.153
Zhang X, Li H, Cao Q, Jin L, Wang F (2018) Upgrading pyrolytic residue from waste tires to commercial carbon black. Waste Manage Res 36:436–444. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242x18764292
Zhang ZH, Chen BZ, Zhao SL, Li P, Han Y (2013a) Oxidation reaction process offerrous sulfide. Dongbei Daxue Xuebao/journal of Northeastern University 34:39–43
Zhang S, Zhang Y, Liu J, Xu Q, Xiao H, Wang X, Xu H, Zhou J (2013b) Thiol modified Fe3O4@SiO2 as a robust, high effective, and recycling magnetic sorbent for mercury removal. Chem Eng J 226:30–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2013.04.060
Acknowledgements
We sincerely thank the editors and anonymous reviewers for their important comments and suggestions to improve the quality of the study.
Funding
This work was supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (N2105005) and Guiding Project of Fujian Province Science and Technology Department (2022Y0076).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors were involved in the conception and design of the study. Materials were prepared and analyzed by CJ, JH, CY, FC, and YF. Data collection was done by CJ. The first draft of the manuscript was co-authored by CJ and JH, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval
Not applicable.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: George Z. Kyzas
Publisher's note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Jiang, C., Yang, C., Fu, Y. et al. High-efficiency Hg(II) adsorbent: FeS loaded on a carbon black from pyrolysis of waste tires and sequential reutilization as a photocatalyst. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 84287–84299 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21572-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21572-5