Abstract
The aims of this study were the preparation, characterization, and in vitro antibacterial activity evaluation of forsterite (FS, Mg2SiO4) nanopowder obtained by two major methods, namely sol-gel (FSsg) and co-precipitation (FSpp). The main aim was to determine the influence of preparation methodologies on physical properties and in vitro antibacterial activity of obtained forsterite nanopowder. To assess the best working temperature for the preparation of FSsg and FSpp, the synthesis and thermal treatment conditions were optimized on the basis of thermal gravimetric (TG) and differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) analysis performed on the dried gel and dried co-precipitated solid, respectively. The FSsg and FSpp powders were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), indicating a high purity for both FSsg and FSpp powders. The morphology of FSsg and FSpp nanopowders was explored by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). In vitro antibacterial activity was investigated using a targeted pathogen, namely Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) ATCC 6538 P as tested strain by broth dilution technique and inoculations on nutrient agar to highlight the bactericidal inhibitory effect. FSsg nanopowder has no inhibitory capacity, while FSpp produced inhibition, the effect being bactericidal at a concentration of 10 mg/mL. The superior bactericidal activity of FSpp against FSsg is due to variation in the own surface properties, such as specific surface area (SSA) and nano-regime particle size. The FSpp nanoparticles, NPs, obtained by co-precipitation method are reported for the first time as a novel bactericidal nanomaterial against S. aureus.
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Acknowledgments
Authors gratefully acknowledge the Research Centre of Excellence in Physical Chemistry, at Babes-Bolyai University of Cluj-Napoca, for DSC, AFM and synthesis facilities. Professor Dr. Maria Tomoaia-Cotisel is the Founder (2006) and the Director (2006-present) of this Research Centre. Authors gratefully thank Associate Professor Dr. Firuta Goga for thermal treatment assistance and Professor Dr. George Borodi for XRD assistance. Authors would like to express their highest gratitude to the Romanian Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research, Development and Innovation Funding, UEFISCDI, for the support of research projects no. 186 and 481.
Funding
This work was supported by grants of the Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitization, CNCS/CCCDI-UEFISCDI, project number 186 and 481, within PNCDI III.
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AA participated in FS synthesis and characterization, data analysis, literature research, manuscript writing. SR performed antimicrobial testing and data analysis. MG participated in FS synthesis and morphological characterization. GhT participated in research planning and antibacterial study. AM designed the experiment and participated in the FS physical characterization and data analysis. OH participated in design of this study, data analysis, and assisted the revision of the manuscript. GhR performed antimicrobial testing and data analysis, and participated in the manuscript writing and revision. MTC conceived and designed the study, aimed antibacterial mechanism, and assisted the changes to the revised manuscript based on the comments of the reviewers. MTC is corresponding author. The authors agree to be accountable for all aspects of this study. All authors have equal contributions. The authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
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Avram, A., Rapuntean, S., Gorea, M. et al. In vitro antibacterial effect of forsterite nanopowder: synthesis and characterization. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 77097–77112 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21280-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21280-0